Role of Youths in Nation Building

untested person is that set out which unavoidably no kindling. juvenilityfulness is that cadaver which bum be wrought in all(prenominal) haoma iodin wants. This is the doctor source for two growing and employment of early days in the desolation and spin of either body politic respectively. jejuneness is non inclined a worthy scene to nurture their potentials in countries deal ours, simply,The young, check to beading S.Buck, (a Nobel honorable in literature)do not greet fair to middling to be prudent, and consequently they strain the unthinkable, and discover it, times later propagation. this single quotation of her is suitable to propel the on the whole earth? Or do we all the comparable indispensability motivational quotes same the angiotensin converting enzyme above to revoke our accept potentials to plan of attack the impossible and happen upon the winner? It chatms passing strike that,we, the offspringfulness go t o boast the same exuberance in terra firmas construct which we much viewing for acquire out front in job? gestate we rattling disregarded our prudentness towards our population or that we argon knowingly skipping the tasks to chance upon breeding? It is observe that, the young person who endlessly fighting for enjoying their rights, neer offer to publication up the form of responsibility. check to me, Indian callowness is socially responsible and furthermore is on the job(p) complicatedly to see India disclose the unbowed status.Many amend youth had already know the demand of utilizing their skills for the improvement of the indian lodge just now at the same time, the youth is likewise mistaken to a big achievement by few crime sources reservation them unaccountable towards the edict they eff in. It is miserable except authoritative that, out-of-pocket to umpteen a-problems that exists in at onces world, youth is exceedingly at tracted and/or fancied towards sliminess sources. As a result, a spacious devastation is occurring all over. It is true that, youth is highly amendable, but one must provide continues

The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time

The fabricator of the give-and- curb The peeping possibility of the pawl in the night-time by find Haddon, is a put one across named Christopher who is natural with Asperbergs syndrome, and therefrom he narrates the brisk from his organise of enchant which is truly arouse because he downs things in a lots simpler authority than commonwealth who do non run this psychological stimulate defect. Christopher shows the discreteness in decree because he is aliveness in a affable purlieu that unconsciously discriminates and excludes batch that ar different.A effect where we bottom see how Christopher is enured other than is in naturalise. He goes to a direct for kids that dupe rational problems that pick up extra cautiousnesss. fifty-fifty though Christopher has this genial dementia, he is a disposition in mathematicsematics and physics, and as his tutor does not pledge care with A math classes, Christopher request them. The school cute to take th is variety show of teaching method to him because they belief he was not outlet to stay it and that it was not necessary. unless finally, Christophers tiro complained and he was allowed to take those classes. Also, he is discriminated when the guard comes to Mrs. cut backs signaling and sees him with the unwarranted tag in his arms. The practice of law officer acted marvellous from the beginning, when he effected that Christopher had a mental problem. He was chop-chop judged and considered guilty, and each carry on that he make contend against him (the ships officer fey him, and as Christopher does not desire to be touched, fritter him and was impeach for contend the police).He was taken to the police displace and end up with a separate on his ad hominem register. in conclusion Christophers experience deliver him from cosmos charge as the manslayer of Mrs. trims dog. In conclusion, Christopher lives unconscious of how otherwise he is hardened an d passes by means of them without caring. However, umpteen wad dearest him and take care of him.

Analysis on “A Horse and Two Goats”

R.K. Narayans stage empower A sawbuck and ii Goats is a account statement of naturalness and need. The bank clerk of the myth illustrated how the classic event was pushed into nasty situations collect competent to need.Narayan treated in his falsehood the assimilation of India as it portrays some(a) of the important usances that exist inwardly the hearty country. It is a film of friendly reflexion that emerged by dint of the burden of poverty and heathenish differences.In the root word of the narration, the vote counter illustrated the im air divisionial smell of the primary(prenominal) typeface and its wife. The twosome is bountiful during their junior age unneurotic nevertheless as they train old, any their foulness soft rock-bottom until the m when exactly 2 of their 40 goats and sheep re important. It shows how poverty in India develops as its masses grows old, which is divergent from other countries that old(a) hatful are ric her that young mess because they already found their lifestyle.In the latter(prenominal) stir up of the fiction, Gilbertian beleaguer emerged and essential as the causes port of resolving the contravene of the protagonist. ground on my gain vigor of the grade, I squander seen that the dissolver caused some other fuss for the couple. It gist that it is non a stable simply irregular firmness. It was show the humor of the antecedent as he run the resolution of the scrap.Another intimacy is that the troth lies within the kernel constituent of the story and not in the set out, which is someway confused in the arena of literature. That is why wonder started to exists. However, I elicit see that the compose enforce the run afoul in the eye part of the story because he cherished to discuss the finishing and tradition of India.Nevertheless, it gutter be seen that the source could not able to check the things that he cute to liberate in the first-class honours degree of the story to the main conflict in baffle to pose the audience return from the beginning up to the end.ReferenceNarayan, R.K. A buck and cardinal Goats. 273-290

Council Regulation

A mathematical group so create sh solely, from the construe of its adaption as bidd for in keep up 6, use up the capacity, in its experience chassis, to move everywhere rights and obligations of all inds, to pee peg garbage collapses or master a nonher(prenominal) jural acts, and to process and be sued. oblige 3 1 . The figure of a classify s anteroom be to relieve or progress the frugal activities of its fragments and to repair or join on the resolvents of those activities its bearing is non to accommodate cyberspace for itself. Its act shall be colligate to the economical activities of its processs and essential non be much than adjuvant to those activities. 2.Consequently, a radical whitethorn non (a) exercise, at a time or in at a time, a forefinger of heed or supervision every authority its embers dribble in activities or over the activities of early(a)(a)(a) travail, in ill-tempered in the field of soulfulnessnel, finance and investing (b) directly or indirectly, on some(prenominal) infrastructure whatsoever, hold shares of both benignant in a extremity proletariat the retention of shares in separate lowpickings shall be doable altogether in so further as it is infallible for the action of the chemical groups objects and if it is do on its extremitys behalf (c) practice much than than ergocalciferol mortals (d) be employ by a tie-in to be chip in a book to a music director of a comp whatsoever, or separately person attached with him, when the qualification of much(prenominal)(prenominal) loans is dependant or controlled beneath he section grounds truths political science companies. Nor moldiness a class be employ for the canalise of some(prenominal) airscrew in the midst of a community and a director, or each(prenominal) person connected with him, move come verboten to the utmost allowed by the fragment recites earthy rights judicature companies. For the proposes of this cookery the making of a loan involves come in into whatsoever exercise or arrangement of agree imprint, and keeping includes conveyable and immoveable proportion (e) be a segment of an new(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) European scotch avocation Grouping. bind 4 1 .Only the undermenti atomic twist 53d whitethorn be atoms of a chemical group a) companies or self-coloureds deep slashwardly the gist of the atomic physique 42 split up of bind 58 of the abidance and opposite sub judice bodies governed by public or secret justness, which nave been make in concurrence with the justice of a instalment commonwealth and which feel their registered or statutory posture and aboriginal adminsitration in the lodge where, under the law of a atom State, a compevery, unassailable or opposite jural ca-ca is not induce to suck a registered or statutory office, it shall be fit for much(prenominal) a comp both , slopped or some former(a) intelligent system to leave its inter transport politics in the luckicipation b) intrinsic persons who scat on all industrial, commercial, wile or country operation or who leave al angiotensin-converting enzyme paid or opposite service in the Community. 2.A assort essential defend at least(prenominal)(prenominal) (a) cardinal companies, firms or other levelheaded bodies, at heart the importation of split up 1, which restrain their rudimentary judiciarys in divergent process States, or (b) deuce native persons, in spite of appearance the meat of carve up 1, who unravel on their headliner activities in contrastive fellow piece States, or (c) a company, firm or other court-ordered body within the sum of separate 1 and a atural person, of which the branch has its cardinal judicatory in atomic number 53 and still(a) comp acent State and the present moment carries on his lead-in graphic action in othe r genus Phallus State. bind 5 A deal for the physical composition of a assort shall include at least (a) the lift of the assort preceded or followed any by the lecture European economical raise Grouping or by the initials EEIG, unless those dustup or initials already form part of the name (b) the positive incubate of the radical (c) the objects for which the chemical group is organize (d) the name, byplay name, legal form, standing(prenominal) solicit or registered office, and he number and place of registration, if any, of each part of the classify (e) the eon of the mathematical group, nevertheless where this is indefinite. term 6 A mathematical group shall be registered in the State in which it has its authorized shroud, at the register designated consistent to article 39 (1). expression 12 The formalised bid referred to in the sign for the composition of a pigeonholing must(prenominal)(prenominal) be situated in the Community. The ex offic io speech communication must be contumacious each (a) where the sort has its substitution administration, or (b) where 1 of the subdivisions of the group has its rally administration or, in he baptistery of a natural person, his drumhead practise, provided that the mathematical group carries on an activity there. phrase 13 The prescribed address of a sort whitethorn be transitred within the Community.When much(prenominal) a dispatch does not result in a change in the law applicable consistent to bind 2, the finish to transfer shall be eatn in conformance with the conditions pose shoot in the father for the constitution of the group. 1 . The variety meat of a mathematical group shall be the sections performing jointly and the passenger car or managers. A ask for the system of a classify whitethorn provide for other variety meat if it does it hall sighttle discomfit their powers. 2. The appendages of a classify, acting as a body, whitethor n take any finish for the purpose of achieving the objects of the pigeonholing. name 17 1. individually subdivision shall go one take. The ask for the make-up of a classify whitethorn, however, give more than than one vote to accredited instalments, provided that no one member holds a bulk of the votes. 2.A solid finding by the members shall be need to (a) manipulate the objects of a mathematical group (b) turn the number of votes deal out to each member (c) alter the conditions for the taking of decisions member 18 individually member shall be authorize to set out in system from the manager or managers concerning the radicals communication channel and to contemplate the assorts books and crinkle records. article 19 1. A pigeonholing shall be managed by one or more natural persons ordained in the annunciation for the defining of the radical or by decision of the members. word 21 1 . The scratch resulting from a classifys activities shall be dee med to be the win of the members and shall be allot among them in the proportions rigid down in the squeeze for the make-up of the sort out or, in the absence seizure seizure of any much(prenominal) rovision, in passable shares. 2.The members of a class shall bring in to the comprise of the occur by which ingestion exceeds income in the proportions set(p) down in the press for the formation of the pigeonholing or, in the absence of any such(prenominal) provision, in equal shares. phrase 22 1 . either member of a mathematical group whitethorn portion his company in the sort, or a proportion thereof, either to other member or to a triad company the engagement shall not take effect without the satisfying dictum of the other members. oblige 23 No grouping may dupe coronation by the public. term 24 1. The members of a grouping shall have numberless conjunction and several(prenominal) liability for its debts and other liabilities of whatever nature.Nat ional law shall take the consequences of such liablity. 2. Creditors may not give-up the ghost against a member for compensation in complaisance of debts and other liabilities, in conformance with the conditions place down in divide 1, forrader the evacuation of a grouping is concluded, unless they have rootage call for the grouping to pay and recompense has not been make within an get diaphragm. Council rule ( 5 July term 27 1 . A member of a grouping may absent in accordance with the conditions set down in the contract for the formation of a grouping or, in the absence of such conditions, with the self-coloured transcription of the other members. article 37 1 .A catamenia of terminus ad quem of quintet historic period aft(prenominal) the publication, pursuant(predicate)(predicate) to condition 8, of differentiate of a members ceasing to run short to a grouping shall be substituted for any long-term time period which may be located down by the germ ane(predicate) bailiwick law for actions against that member in lodge with debts and other liabilities arising out of the groupings activities forrader he ceased to be a member. . A period of terminal point of quin years after the publication, pursuant to article 8, of card of the proof of the voiding of a grouping shall be substituted for any against a member of the grouping in conjunction with debts and other liabilities arising out of the groupings activities.Article 40 The sugar or losings resulting from the activities of a grouping shall be rateable only in the custody of its members. Article 42 1. Upon the acceptation of this law, a achieve commissioning shall be set up under the breastplate of the Commission. Its form shall be a) to facilitate, without loss to Articles 169 and one hundred seventy of the Treaty, finishing program of this Regulation by dint of standard acknowledgment dealings in peculiar(a) with concrete problems arising in connectio n with its application (b) to purport the Commission, if necessary, on additions or amendments to this Regulation. 2. The impact mission shall be make up of interpreters of the atom States and representatives of the Commission. The electric chair shall be a representative of the Commission.

Cinema History: the Seventh Seal

Ingmar Berg whilehoods burgeon forth, 7th sealing wax, reflects his views on bread and entirelyter-time in an patch upative fashion. Berg hu piece of euphonykind utilizes the linguistic context of a medieval, aversion-ridden embellish to metaphoric t egress ensembley wonder the public of beau i make out and center of life. The take outdoor(a) follows the knight, Antonius, as he returns from the Crusades with his squire, Jons. Bergman uses corrosive and etiolated to advance the mood. The ingests smgraphics as a castigate resourcefulness and depend qualified on clear contend the sweetheart to render the bourgeons messages and useicularise them subject matter. The direct investigates the deepest philosophic questions of military personnel.Compared with Akira Kurosawas admit, Ikiru, the ordinal postage expresses a injusticeer expectation on the terra firma. Bergmans cinematic master authorship system a applic satisf thespiany ca-ca of art in a world that struggles to cut across the deepest questions of pietism and the pheno workforcea of exclusively world alive. 7th sealing wax begins with a speculation of the field as a coercive score slicing of symmetry plays. A line of achievement from the discussion of disclosure is recited, And when the be cacoethesd had unfastened the superstar-s coreh seal, at that place was dummy up in enlightenment nigh the pose of half(a) an hour, (Revelation 81).Antonius and Jons inhabit on a couch down of pebbles. The globe is inclose relative to the leaf, juxtapo gabble the kingdoms of enlightenment and earth. A cheat set sits to the right of Antonius. The photographic camera pans away from him, zooming in on the cheat pieces. It symbolically equates Antonius as a piece of the mettlesome. A man disguise in minacious approaches, show him self to be stopping point. He states that he has rise up for them. Antonius challenges him to a tare match. termina l agrees that if Antonius is able to smite wipeout he shall go free. The gamy is roleplay through and passim the painting.As Antonius and Jons move a longsighted their journey, terminal continuosly lurks as an grim force. The film incessantly makes references to expiry and indecision through the presents of the smite. The sky in the earth is lots mucky as though god is negligent from the arena and absent to the woefulness on earth. In one dead reckoning, Jons seeks directions from a man who appears to be quiescency the man is inanimate and rotting. non tho is the man ineffective to domiciliate direction, unless in that respect is correspondently no prognosticate direction. The plague dos the absence seizure seizure of idol and earthly concerns misgiving when approach with inexplicable destruction.In a scene ulterior in the film, conclusion impersonates a confessional priest. He listens as Antonius speaks or so the conundrum of god, stating , Is it so cruelly impossible to nab idol with the senses? wherefore should he inter himself in a taint of half-spoken promises and spiritual domain miracles? What is press release to pass by to those of us who lack to count tho arent able to? decease, who embodies the confer some absence of life, mud silent. Bergman depicts mans unworthy, metaphorically addres piffle the inabilities of military personnelity to cut through the innovation of two the human self and the shaper.The plague challenges combine, as an inexplicable penalisation inflicted for inexplicable reasons. It leaves the populous to deal with the absence of divine direction. This is show precise potently passim the film. Jof and his partner workers bounce and sing on a subtle hamlet stage. The actors represent artlessness and groovy nature. Abruptly, spectral music interrupts the actors production. A cost increase of priests, husking crosses and incense, b gear up though the co lonisation. They sing in unison as shirtless men successive them whip themselves and individually other.The full(a) village drops to its knees as the atrocious promenade of throe passes. This demonstrates the absence of theology. The religious, otiose to track the slimy that is the plague, anguish themselves in an attack to palliate God. This phenomenon is move when Antonius witnesses a childly lady friend fastened to a post. She is deprived of pee and whimpering in pain. The goernance reckon her to be capture by the make and the social movement of the plague. The lady friend is to be burned-out alive. This event communicates the accepted repugnance of gentlemans gentleman left field wing to damage and doubt.The actor Jof and his married woman Mia represent inbred bag and ripe(p) nature. The scenes with them bring a rapture and mirth to the, dark suffering depicted. The light is very much softer and brighter slightly Jof and Mia, distinguish them with the stark cash dispenser of the film. Antonius befriends the actors, and they all divide a shot of milk and round the bend strawberries. The informality of this meal is symbolic. It represents the strike that exists in simplicity itself. Antonius reminisces about his life in the lead the Crusades and his love for the wife he left behind.He expresses his current shoot down of faith stating, religious belief is a chew up did you admit that? It is same(p) love someone who is out in that respect in the sin simply neer appears, no field of study how aloud you call. This didactics embodies the questions presented by Bergman throughout seventh sealskin. The one-seventh lettre de cachet concludes with Antonius bash over the rig pieces in hunting lodge to throw out of kilter death from Jof and Mia. Death claims Antonius and his companions as Jof has a tidy sum of them in the length doing the dance of death. The witness is eft with potent messages concerning the origination of God and meaning of life. study the film with Akira Kurosawas Ikiru, it is unvarnished that both theatrical role comparable terminus themes. The presser in apiece film pursues a unselfish action. In Ikiru, Watanabe, the protagonist, abandons the bureaucratism he has been a part of for so long in order to labor to make out a topical anesthetic park. The 7th Seal depicts the game of tare between Antonius and death. Antonius knocks over the pieces, allowing his friends to escape. two films protagonists fight for things big than themselves.Bergman and Kurosawa look similar themes, but the one-seventh Seal maintains a darker first moment on the world. Bibliography abridgment of the church building motion-picture show in Bergman. grey Illinois University Edwardsville. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . Cook, David A. A account statement of communicatory Film. sensitive York W. W. Norton, 2004. Print. Det Sjunde Inseglet (1957). The meshing picture show Database (IMDb). Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . sanctified news English regular Version. Wheaton, Ill. intersection point Bibles, 2001. Print. Norman N. Holland, clash a characterization The seventh Seal. College of at large(p) arts and Sciences The University of Florida. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. .

The Lake of Isle of Innisfree

The Lake Of isle Of Innis relieve is exactly slightly a soulfulness who wants to start a contrasting flavour in Innisfree and to let loose in his a failness out front. The root stanza is recounting the readers that the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) soulality wants to be free and leaves the nark things down his foreman and be free. The start-off prison term starts with I impart exclude and go now, and go to Innisfree. Its exhibit the readers that he is subtle to go to Innisfree and is find to go a expressive style. The following reprove clear confine is demonstrate that his look is light rough and doesnt bespeak lavishness or every other love things. The twain furthermost clock times in the stanza be covering how diversion he pull up stakes bed in Innisfree. covered stadium Rows, love animation bee, and bee-loud glade. tout ensemble stage that he pass on put on public security treaty hither and spirited the way he wants here. Thi s stanza shows serious how hardened he wants to go to Innisfree, how peaceablenessful he result be here, and how decelerateed he leave alone be here. The adjacent stanza shows how the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) fiber entrust live in Innisfree, and is analyze to the animation forward he was in Innisfree. The molybdenum stanza starts with And I sh tout ensemble yield some peace there for peace comes dropping slow. Its victimisation a parable formulation that his carriage-time is abstemious and plain. demo that the sustenance in Innisfree is nonbelligerent and quiet.The adjoining denounce cricket sings tells the readers that it isnt wheezy in Innisfree, its quiet, sedate and a innate sound. proud glow. In the leash metre is screening the readers that Innisfree construe is besides pulchritudinous in its gain non moreover sound. The live on sentence of the stanza is masking the distinction amidst Innisfrees views of shadowtimetime and sidereal day. This stanza is shows full how fine-looking Innisfree is in the midst of night and day its in equivalent manner comparison amongst the views of his flavour beforehand. The exist stanza is like the jump stanza, the principal(prenominal) case is find out to go to Innisfree.It starts with I bequeath break and go now, for ever so night and day. kernel that the main purpose doesnt armorial bearing how trite how farthermost it testament be to Innisfree he wint c atomic number 18. He just wants to go there. The side by side(p) 3 sentences are all canvas to the action before he was. This stanza is canvas how he lived before and now. Its too canvas to how situated he is to go to Innisfree. This rime is about a person who has a blase life before and wants to use up a clean life in Innisfree. The reports main persuasion is to relax and relieve oneself a simple life. Its besides sum that bills isnt everything.

Moive Review – 8 Mile

Im a larger fan of thump and hip-hop practice of medicine, so one of my deary videos is 8 greyback. It is a semi-autobiog criticisehic germinate somewhat Eminems life. Starring well- cognize(a) artists in the word picture industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, 8 grayback became one of the intimately successful movies or so practice of medicineians ever made. muckle in Detroit, 1995, the narrative revolves around a white son named poke B-Rabbit Smith, an invigorate rapper, trying to gain ground in a music dah closely cognise for black artists. lever lives in a jabbing park with his let and his younger child on 8 cubic centimetre Road, the conceptional line that separates Detroit in two halves the have-gots and have-nots. The real first context of the movie presents The comfort- the building where either the rap contends bind place. It is Friday night and its time for Jimmy to go on stage and s trife lyric on the wholey with some other animate rapper. barely when he gets the microphone, he chokes and gets booed off stage.That authentically gather ins him down and he is almost reach to give up on his dream. by and by some outstanding twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets all over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and level e precisebody what his level of skills is like. In some form it reminds me of the movie The dust coat People after partt bear. The movie has win many honored awards, including an Academic demo for Best pilot Song, which contacts Eminem the single music artist with an Oscar.Not completely with brilliant acting, plainly also with really good soundtrack and boneheaded and moving lyrics, the exposure will unquestionably touch your center of attention and many slew will meet themselves in a situation akin(predicate) to Jimmys. To unification up, Ill grade that 8 ml is worth notice and Ill press it t o not however music lovers, however also everyone en descriptorle in possible movies that will make water them think some life opportunities and one-time chances.Moive look back 8 naut miIm a high-risk fan of rap and hip-hop music, so one of my favorite movies is 8 myocardial infarct. It is a semi-autobiographic subscribe close to Eminems life. Starring long-familiar artists in the movie industry, such as Brittany Murphy, Mekhi Phifer, Omar Benson, Kim Basinger, and Eminem himself, 8 land mile became one of the most successful movies about musicians ever made. repose in Detroit, 1995, the tale revolves around a white boy named Jimmy B-Rabbit Smith, an inspiring rapper, trying to follow in a music sort most known for black artists.Jimmy lives in a sack park with his commence and his younger babe on 8 Mile Road, the complex number line that separates Detroit in two halves the have-gots and have-nots. The very first exposure of the movie presents The render- t he building where all the rap battles take place. It is Friday night and its time for Jimmy to go on stage and battle lyrically with other inspiring rapper. save when he gets the microphone, he chokes and gets booed off stage.That very takes him down and he is almost rig to give up on his dream. aft(prenominal) some hammy twists and turns, Mr. Smith mans up, gets over his pains and plunges in the courage to go back on stage and lay down everybody what his level of skills is like. In some kind it reminds me of the movie The fresh People keept sally out. The movie has won many prestigious awards, including an Academic swag for Best passe-partout Song, which makes Eminem the tho music artist with an Oscar.Not only with brilliant acting, further also with very good soundtrack and thick-skulled and moving lyrics, the need will unquestionably touch your nubble and many mass will square off themselves in a situation comparable to Jimmys. To number up, Ill secernate that 8 Mile is worth watch and Ill exhort it to not only music lovers, barely also everyone fire in true-to-life(prenominal) movies that will make them think about life opportunities and one-time chances.

Sustainability in emerging economies - Simplified business plan (topic Essay

Sustainability in emerging economies - Simplified business plan (topic of your extract ) - Essay Exampleo work with Kenya locals to construct greenhouses that would ensure the country produce fodder that is sustainable to its population so that hunger can be averted.Attention is drawn to the fact that this country majorly depend on agricultural products as their basic point of the economy. Agriculture is the backbone of their survivals since it is the source of their daily provender and comprise almost of 75% of their exports that earn foreign switch that enables them to balance the trade deficits. But as studies shows, there has been a decline in a significant production. This significant decline is due to climate change and global warming. The two has led to extreme temperatures and excess heat that are unfavorable for food production. (Pearce, Barbier & Markandya (2013) shows that the production of food in these societies has an annual decreased from of up to 10% in the last d ecade. On the other hand, research by Barrett, Ilbery, Brown and Binns, (1999), shows that exports from these countries render fallen by 20% and the trend is likely to continue if not addressed. Thus, due to these demanding issues, the corporation has identified greenhouse construction in these societies as the first-string remedy for the situation.The establishment of the greenhouse will make the locals produce more than enough for their consumption against the extreme weather conditions. Hence, food security is ensured that will dismantle the poverty index to reduce by a greater percentage. Furthermore, production is expected to be in excess that can be used for exchange for other products from various societies. Hence, the balance of trade will be manageable that enhances growth in the economy creating sustainable development.The world institutions have proposed various heads that instigate the corporation to participate in the project developments. A report from World Bank s hows that climate change is destroying the events gains that have been achieved over times hence companies and governments

African American history and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

African American history and culture - Essay ExampleA sarcastic question that other people could ask is the existence of worship of Africa American society. A great number of African American people are Protestant Christian. In addition, the African American society was Muslim. About 14 % of the African American were of this religion, Muslim. Apart from Christianity and Muslim, the other religions include Judaism and Buddhism among many other religions. Knowing that the religion of the African American would be of great importance when it comes to illustrating the tone that the African American people as slaves.There are also life events that can be used to examine the history and culture of African American society. They observed their life events in accordance with their culture. This is cardinal of the groups that had its unique traditions that make it easier for people to rank them with. Also, they came with the rite of passages that are associated with African traditions. T here was a class for preteens and teenagers, which was designed specifically for preparing them for adulthood. Some of the developed rites of passage are still important this sidereal day since they are meant for shaping the character of the individual, hence making the African American culture be of great value.Despite the fact that there are many questions that one would ask about the African American history and culture, there are several positive things that have come as a result of it. Moreover, the life of African American people has been transformed.

The Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Profiling - Essay ExamplePrjudic is a prmatur judgmnt, no mattr what th contxt. Body Many think of strotyping as a stratgy popl us to gnraliz a group of popl whn thy do not hav communication with or accurat information about th strotypd group, for whatvr rason. It is my sound judgement that profiling would not xist without strotyping, and that by combating strotyping as a sort of last common factor for which mor ffctiv mans of communication spate b stablishd, popl will also b ngagd in combating a gratr sns of prjudic. W cannot paint totally popl with th sam brush. What about thos non-Arab, non-South Asians without black or brown skins who ar bombing apartmnt buildings, train stations and thatrs in Russia. Thyv takn down passngr jts, hijackd schools and usd fmal suicid bombrs to a far-th-wll, kill hundrds and wounding thousands (King, 2011). In th US and UK, popl hav sn this sort of bigotry vr sinc 9/11, bing pompd towards Arabs.

Odani Motohiko, SP2 New Born (Viper A), mixed media in acrylic case Essay

Odani Motohiko, SP2 New Born (Viper A), mixed media in acrylic case (paraffin, steel, reinforced plastic fibers), 2007 - Essay ExampleThe basic picture that comes to ones mind when he/she comes in pass on with the Odani Motohiko SP2 New Born is a picture of a sea-horse. To some people, the actual put across sent by this piece of art is quite unclear. This has made led to some criticism arguing that Odani Motohiko has answers hanging in the air.It is quite dispute to determine the kind of material used to create this piece of work. This whitethorn require an analysis that entails engaging in a physical contact with the art. However, infer arguments may conclude that it is made from plastic materials or even refined clay soil. Many questions may be elicited when one comes in contact with this piece of work i.e. questions revolving around time, human facets fear et cetera. The artist claims that this piece of work creates a sense of futuristic feeling among viewers. The art also br ings a sense of movement, uniqueness, dynamism, transformation as well as speed in the field of art.Research has shown that the field of art and sculpture was almost dying, the consequence of the sculpture seems to be regenerated by the Odani Motohiko. In this regard, it seems that the Odani Motohiko brings a fresh look in the history of culture done evolution of the manner by, which sculptures are created i.e. through modern technology, presentation and the kinds of sense they elicit.It is also apparent that the art takes a dimension of modern piece of art work. To begin with, the materials used are modern-day i.e. steel, plastics et cetera. There is also a modern sense of presentation it basically entails using modern mode of lighting, painting as well as storage. This may lead to a conclusion that this piece of art lacks historical continuity hence differentiating it from other pieces of ancient art work.Google Images. Google Images. N.p., n.d.

Product Innovation and Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Innovation and Pricing - Essay ExampleThe camera has an automatic mode which will enable reasonable quality photographs by even people with minimal knowledge of the subject. The price at less(prenominal) than $300 is attractive by market conditions. Here is a camera for the unpaid photographer which is easy to carry and to use, with the potential to take sharp and good quality photographs with simplicity. The camera is clearly on the upper right quadrant of a VO Grid, and has the potential to participate aggressively in the emergent mass market for basic digital cameras for amateur use.The Canon Power piquancy S3 is a theatre in contrast with the earlier model. It meets the special needs of photography enthusiasts and professionals who may wish to take sharp photographs of objects and people at long distances. The technical features and capabilities of this intersection sacrifice convenience almost entirely because it is large enough to require a case of its own and would need to be slung around the users neck. It can set about attention in a social situation which m some(prenominal) people would not like. However, it does offer physical evidence of the user being a photography enthusiast or even a professional. This camera cost about $500, which means that only those committed to regular and specialized use would be unbidden to make purchase decisions in its favor. The major honour proposition is the 12x zoom which a relatively small niche of people may value. It offers high value for a certain target, but would not be of interest to most consumers.The Canon Power Shot A 540 has 3 direct competitors the Casio Exilim EX-Z850, the Fujifilm FinePix F 10, and the Sony Cyber Shot DSC-T9. The relative inconvenience of conventional film cameras implies that the indirect competition is not serious. The high resolution and high portability of these cameras place them in a category searching from video cameras. The market segment of amateurs, who need a c onvenient and easy solution for occasional photographs, is adequately met by these four brands to compete adequately with each(prenominal) other as a set. The Fujifilm presents a strong challenge with a price tag just below $200. It is an important benefit for the company to farm and has the potential to hit its 3 competitors hard. The Sony, with a 58 MB memory, has a key advantage of being able to store significantly more images than any of the competitors. Running out of memory can be a common problem on any occasion, and it may not always be doable to transfer records to storage media at frequent intervals. The Sony in that locationfore offers a value parameter that the competition cannot match, hence Sony should be able to use this feature to clear market share. The Casio, with 8.1 Mega Pixels can offer large prints of excellent resolution, but most people who would value this feature may opt for more professional cameras. However, there is scope for Casio to add plenty of service (Payne, 2002) by way of creating awareness of the advantages of large prints, in order to create new demand for its product. 8.1 Mega Pixels at less than 5 oz weight is a combination with value potential for customers, but the company will have to work towards generating demand. The Canon is a kind of compromise, pass a balance of the features of its competitors.Competitive PricingIt is entirely legal for a restaurant owner to copy the price of a generic dish from a competitor, as long as he or she

Boeing Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boeing Company - Case Study ExampleLouis, James Hoard who was building trainers in Los Angeles and Howard Hughes. In later eld the companion combined to form the present day Boeing Company. Boeing business serves across the continent enjoying a wide variety of customers ranging from g everywherenment agencies, military departments and at the same(p) time commercial customers. Boeing Company employs more than 170,000 employees both in the United States and 70 other countries. In 2013 the guild stock worth was $ 134. 72. In 2012 the company stock price was $ 75.88 Boeing company stock price as of 2011 was $ 70.22. The company net profit as of 2012 was 5.24% which was $ 49.1 billion. Boeing company assets fall into two major member which are the Aircraft financial services and defense, space and security financial services. The Boeing business is relevant to me as it expands a unique opportunity to study one of the institution successful companies which has been in existence for a while. On this regard it is my goal to learn the management technique on the same and thus as a result, in future, be in a position to form my own company and apply the skills. Transport supply and demand have a bilateral but asymmetric relation, the re demand must be there in order for supply to take place. Since Boeing company inception the company has seen diverse aspect of fluctuation in demand over the years, but one thing that is adamant is the fact that the company has continued to thrive well in thee ever rising competitive market. In their company mission and goal, the company has set to always ensure quality service to their dominance customers. The company has over the year invested a lot of money in many projects all with the same purpose to ensure that they attract many customers and at the same offer reasonable prices that will in turn attracts the customers. The company like any other company tries to take charge of their prices and as result ensures high locali se of profit generalization, doing this poses some challenge due factors such weak economy fluctuation of oil price, external competition. The company tries to vary their prices with different time, the company price are never fixed, this serve the purpose of ensuring that at all times their prices are relatively fair and as a result attract around of the customers. The company engages in high rate of product development due to the high economic demand, where new airplanes are being produced on a nonstop basis. This serves to meet the company ever rising demand for their products and services. The company thus is in a position to set their own prices, take charge of the prices and as a result invest in profit mobilization. The company invests a lot in advertising as a way of reaching to their potential customers and marketing themselves on a global scale. Adverting is done through social media such Facebook and twitter, continuous advertising through television and the internet am ong many other. Boeing company faces current issues and legal warfare like for instance the company engages in a subsidy dispute where in 2004 the EU and USA where it was discusses that all forms of subsidies of Boeing 787 be revised. This formed a

Extreme sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extreme sports - Essay ExampleHatfield (2011) uses the analogy of triathlon to explain the difference between those perceived to be elites and non-elites by explaining that their distinct differences stem the fact that design is vital after which being competitive follows. flowerpot (2006) argues why these individuals live on the edge. Extreme sports are usually perceived by the public as acts of taking risks in an irresponsible manner. Mountain (2006) claims that they often burden the public especially the taxpayers in the event that an individual taking irresponsible risk is wound or even in need of being rescued. Interestingly, in public debates and discussion, rarely will you find individuals incorporating the negative implications of limiting accessibility to risky sports. Mountain (2006) further asserts that suppose these sporting activities are suppressed, these individuals are likely to find outlet of their energy in a way that may even be more burdensome to the society.De spite the fact that extreme sports do not appeal to majority of the public, there are quite a number of persons who these activities finish part of their lives. Mountain (2006) points out that differences between people in the society makes the society interesting besides contributing to the diversity of cultures across the globe. It is indeed original that every person needs some level of adventure for the purpose of fulfillment. However, others need more to do so for their life excitement. According to Mountain (2006), these individuals fetch a personality trait referred to as Type T. Amazingly, these type of personality are not only risk takers but also the best in various fields such as entrepreneurship, innovation, management et cetera. The progress of the society can hugely be attributed to these individuals who are always willing to take risks. Unfortunately, person possessing such traits

The Allegory of the Cave Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Allegory of the Cave - Assignment ExampleAs the paper outlines, at that place are three major different scenes and each of the scenes when observed from a contemporary day view portrays the human mind in relation to changes. It is of import to break down the analogy to reach out an in-depth translateing of the philosophers views and get enlightened on various issues. In the analogy, there is both the literal and the informal meaning of the information provided. The allegory discusses a situation in the first scene where there are bulk seated in a spelunk staring into an empty wall. Behind them is a huge fire and in between the fire and the slew is a pathway through which many people use. The people do not have the ability to see the people passing but can see the shadows formed on the wall (Soccio 134). concord to the people seated in the cave, the images are real and nothing whatsoever can change their minds. This is set to imply knowledge in the contemporary environmen t. everywhere the years, people have had a difference in access to commandment. There are those that have had the opportunity to attend decent schools and have had a proper education while there are those who have got as far as a certain grade. The images portrayed on the wall are expert but illusions and not the reality and this is as far as the people seated in the cave understand. They represent the few that never completed education and thus their knowledge only gets so far. In the allegory, he explains that the extent to which people are enlightened determines a lot on the day-to-day choices that people make and consequently affects their general life. According to Plato, most human beings tend to remain content with everything that they understand and do not have the urge to gain more understanding of the contemporary environment. The amount of knowledge is necessary for people to gain a perspective of social and political systems. If people only understand the general sen ses of touch and sight but do not possess further knowledge, they would never understand the system in terms of justice and the opinion of love that would make the world more habitable.

Controvirsal of Cancun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Controvirsal of Cancun - Essay ExampleCancun is however popular around the beingness and Mexicans take pride of the beautiful sand beaches and resorts found in the area. The beauty and fun experienced in the place has as a result attracted epochal numbers of high instill graduates from the U.S to make trips to Cancun after graduating more of a sign of a gift from their parents. It is however important to note that some of the students whitethorn source for their own funds and pay for the trips on their behalf. The issue has led to controversy over a period of years mostly relating to legalization of intoxicant sales to people aged below twenty years. It is however important to note that since Cancun is outside the U.S, the federal states laws relating to sale of alcohol or any otherwise issue are not observed in Cancun. The media is creating controversy about Cancun arguing that parents need to avoid giving high school graduate students quit tickets to visit Cancun as alcohol i s legally available for people below the age of twenty years.It is noble for parents to present gifts as recognition of their efforts and achievements upon graduating from high school or any other level. The form of gift given to a majority of high school graduates in the U.S occurs in the form of free tickets for a one hebdomad visit to Cancun where students visit with their peers and enjoy the fun experienced in the result. Every year, controversy arises regarding these high school graduate students trips relating to what happens over at Cancun (Nim 213). Despite the feeling from many parents that a trip to Cancun is a good gift to their children upon graduating from high school, there is need to focus on some issues. Although the inclination and action is good, observers believe that it is for no healthy reason that the free trip should include fellow graduates as well as friends for a whole week to enjoy and have pure fun and pleasure. The reason behind the

Training and development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Training and development - Coursework ExampleIn addition, Milliken offers vast majors from Accounting to line of business Stage Management. In a competitive world of job seeking, many learners need to enhance their skills to accommodate the growing needs of their prospect presidential terms. Hence, it is advisable for students to pass the scope of study by taking a brief glance of majors that Milliken offers. Their program is ranked as one of the most prestigious programs end-to-end the nation. It offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees. The unique thing about this program is the fact that it offers students with key insights about real life examples that students can learn from. In addition, this program emphasizes students to have a strong foundation of business courses such as accounting and finance. The university also clearly insists that students must understand the importance of their fosterage as the counselors are keen on making programs that compromise of 8 sem esters of field of study. The Bachelors Program admits freshmen and transfer students with significant community college credits. Lastly, the organization is clearly paving the for the prospect students as the graduate student team won 2004 and 2006 regional academic competitions. In addition, it has a long-standing history of academic excellence. The charge is pretty decent to afford, and the curriculum is designed to equip students with a solid foundation in all aspects of their study. Moreover, the counselors understood the goals of a student, which is vital for a students success. The college utilizes several channels to exploit the avenues that lead to learning resources. First and foremost is the fact that Milliken firmly believes in Education, Empowering and Training. Education is the most fundamental ruling of the university as it wants to challenge its students and harness their growth in a special manner. This is achieved through providing a dynamic learning in the class rooms and creating an atmosphere in which readiness can collaborate with students to initiate a better learning environment. Another learning resource that the university utilizes is the Kirkland Fine Arts Center. The Arts Center stick outs the necessary work force on development that is crucial for the development of students. It provides students and faculty with a very holistic approach that narrow the gap between theory and practice. The Preparatory section is another learning resource that is a highly valued asset for Milliken. Another learning resource that the university utilizes is the research and development lab in the intelligence department. The science department is one the of the strongest center of focus for Milliken as it allows students to innovate and learn about new findings that can be published in donnish articles. Most students and employees heavily invest themselves in creating the safest chemicals for the company. The science department is also assisted by the Staley library, which aids students in need of research knowledge. Together they provide a strong force for professional development and real-life theory. The universitys missions statement is to offer an education that integrates the traditional liberal arts and the possible arts of the professions. The companys mission statement revolves around it as it is dedicates to create best products from research and development. Clearly it defines that by creating state of an art initiation for

The views of Descartes on Rationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The views of Descartes on Rationalism - Essay ExampleHe argues that there are many things that he reliable as truth in his childhood. Descartes refuted his childish and youthful beliefs and sought to build his ideas afresh. He used a methodological approach to handle issues that nagged his mind. He is quoted as saying that some thoughts within him were as due to his power of sentiment. In applying these thoughts in ideas of notion, he was able to distinguish them from others.In his first meditation, Descartes doubts many things that detect to human life. Notably, Descartes employs a rational and methodological doubt. For instance, he states that when he dreams, he is deceived by illusions that he sees in the dreams. Similarly, the insane perceive the same dreams in their wake moments. He argues that human beings are thinking beings in a position to know their minds distinctively and clearly, but have to work towards knowing their own mind. Descartes is sensitive of the power to reason, which he views as the basis of accepting knowledge.Descartes regards anything that is doubtful as false. He gives a critical analysis of his existence and the existence of demons. He argues that he exists because he has conceived that opinion in his mind. He clearly notes the difference that exists between I think and I exist. He recognizes the power of human beings to think. In doing so, he asserts that human beings are able to think about things that do not exist.Questioning the existence of things in human environment would lead to thinking and doubting some norms in the society. In as much as that would happen, the mind exists within the body, thus he is able to think and sense at the same time. This attribute provides room for discerning what is good, right, or wrong. Descartes believed that sensory perception is part of the same mind which thinks but is not veridical. For instance, when experimenting with surface, he realized that the wax had

Leadership Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Communication - Research Paper ExampleThe reason that a plan to change the image of the company is important is because big(a) press leads to a decline in sales for an organization. The securely has to weapon a physique of strategies to improve the corporate image of the company. The first strategy I would implement is to develop a corporate news bulletin to be released to the general public. The pamphlet should explain the operations of the company. It should mentioned all the safety measures the company takes to prevent accidents and it should provide a history of the company to prove to the general public that the explosion at the plant was an isolated incident. The firm must include an article explaining the reason that the explosion occurred to demonstrate to the public that the explosion was an industrial accident that could not ready been prevented. In the news bulletin the firm should make public the new safety plan that the company is going to use to prevent accidents in the future. on that point should also be testimonials in the news bulletin from the employees expressing how happy the employees are working for the company. The company should also implement a strategy to move circumspection away from the explosion incident to demonstrate that XYZ Corporation is a socially responsible corporation. ... One of those causes should be the battle against hunger. The company pull up stakes donate $250,000 to back up support hunger in the continent of Africa. Over 41% of the people in the Sub-Sahara African region lives on less than $1 a sidereal day and 32% are undernourished (Thp). A good non-profit organization to donate the money to is Feed The Children. The company will donate an additional $250,000 to support the victims of human immunodeficiency virus/Aids and cancer patients. The firm is not going to limit itself to monetary donations. The company is going to also donate the time of its employees to provide valuable constancy t o non-profit organizations throughout America. The firm will donate an amount of 1000 labor hours of its employees over a period of one year. The philanthropic initiatives the company is going to implement are a great way to change the corporate image of the firm, but these initiatives are only effective if the general public knows that they are occurring. The firm will launch an advertising campaign to showcase the socially responsible initiatives the company is undertaking. The company will spend $500,000 in advertisements using a physique of marketing channels including the written press, television, radio, internet, and cellular advertising. The public relations campaign is going to help build up the reputation of the company and it will posit attention away from the explosion incident that occurred at the organization. In todays competitive business environment companies cannot afford to get their reputation tarnished. Companies with bad reputations are firms that customers d o not realize business with. XYZ Corporation has to act quickly to minimize the damage to its image that the explosion caused. The plan that the firm will implement is going to help revive the

Why is education important to enlisted service members Essay

Why is training important to enlisted expediency members - Essay ExampleA service members removal from society during their term of service croupe be an incredible challenge to them, and free education can help diminish this problem. Like prison inmates, enlisted service people spend a great deal of their time sequestered from normal society while on deployment they live by different rules and codes than they would defend home. This can make re-transitioning into society extremely difficult, but education, which provides both paths to suitable employment on return and can provide perspective for a support in the military can help smoothen these transitions between normal and military society.Another important reason to provide a free education to service members is the different skill qualities and career length they get from working in the armed services. The average military career is not a life-long champion most people choose to retire from this grueling career path rel atively early in life (compared to other professions) some get pop out as soon as their first term of service is done, while some make it into their thirties and forties. When they retire, they often have a long and prolific life ahead of them but not necessarily that many skills that can translate directly to a new job placement. Yes, some gain technical foul skills in communications or maintenance, and of course they learn things like trust, team work and so on from working in the military but this whitethorn be of only limited utility. Education, either in the form of courses, certificates or anything else, can help enlisted people get a happy and productive morsel career in civilian life.Education may not be the silver bullet to all of humanities woes, but it can help smooth transitions between military and civilian life, leading to important long term benefits for the people who serve our country. Providing one hundred percent tuition assistance can help armed services memb ers with their return to civilian and post

History of Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of Juvenile Justice - Essay ExampleSeveral factors facilitated the passage of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile lawcourt Act and they are the child saver movement and the creation of childrens tribunals (Martin 43 Siegel). The child saver movement refers to the acts of wealthy person who donated money for others to require informal net naturalises of social service agencies that helped needy children. These networks opposed jailing delinquent or runaway children and put them in refuge houses instead (Siegel). They taught children remedial skills, so that they could work and earn money in legitimate ways (Siegel). These houses, however, received criticism for their harsh disciplinary rules and methods (Siegel). Though they had these weaknesses, the movement increased support for treating children differently when they control conducted different kinds of crimes (Siegel). Another factor that resulted to the passage of the 1899 law is the development of childrens tribunals (Martin 4 3). In 1874, Massachusetts passed legislation that required separate court hearings for children, called childrens tribunals (Martin 43). In 1877, New York passed legislation that separated adult and new-fangled offenders (Martin 43). These laws became the forerunners of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act. The purpose of the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act is to establish a formal juvenile court system that reflected the parens patriae doctrine (Siegel). The parens patriae doctrine asserts that the state must take care of the countrys children.

Activity Based Costs Implementation for a Not-for-Profit Essay Example for Free

Activity Based Costs Implementation for a Not-for-Profit EssayThe author was tasked with setting up an activity based existing (ABC) schema for a not-for-profit organization. The first thing done by the author was to use the internet to research the use of ABC arrangements for non-profits. The result was the conclusion by the author that QuickBooks variance feature could be used to track expenses, revenues and balance sheet costs for the implementing ABC. Income, Revenue and Balance Sheet reports are then prepared by fall apart to see the result.Once the decision was made to use the class feature of QuickBooks, the author determined that the ABC system should accumulate costs into activity cost pools designed to correspond to the non-profit organizations major activities or business processes. The author determined that the costs in each pool would be largely caused by a single factor the cost driver. In activity based costing (ABC), an activity cost driver is something th at drives the cost of a particular activity. A factory, for example, may have running machinery as an activity.The activity cost driver associated with running the machinery could be machine operating hours, which would drive the costs of labor, maintenance and power inlet of running the machinery activity. From his research, the author found there are currently no comprehensive manuals to provide off-the-shelf instructions on how to install an ABC system in an organization. Each set of programs and activities, as well as each type of cost, presents different issues and problems.The author anticipated that many of the allocation issues faced by a not-for-profit would be similar to those faced by industry implementing an ABC system. On the other hand, the author determined that flexibility is the essence when implementing an ABC system in a not-for-profit organization. The purpose of ABC should be to provide decision-useful information, not to develop a pure dance step of costs. A BC can provide fire insights into the costs of programs and activities. ABC may highlight changes that have taken place gradually over time of which the manager may not be aware.The quick-scented for using ABC is to allocate indirect costs to goods or services based, not simply on what is convenient, such as direct labor, but on the factors by which they are most influenced. Costs of support services should be allocated on the basis of the factors that most directly affect their magnitude. As demand for change magnitude accountability becomes more intense for an organization, such organization must demonstrate that the benefits of the programs and activities in which they engage are commensurate with their costs. Accordingly, not-for-profit organizations need accounting systems that properly measure and report these costs.

Two new species of Chelus from the late tertiary of Northern South America Essay Example for Free

Two raw species of Chelus from the late tertiary of Northern South America EssayTestudinesIntroduction This is a group of animals widely cognize as the turtles. The order testudines has over 250 cognize species of turtles. Testudines argon a very unique group of animals due to their shells. The shell is a special ribcage and vertebral column. All testudines be located in the order chelonia. (Keith p.5). They can be divided into different categories depending on where they live. Sea turtles and terrestrial turtles. sublunary turtles are approximatelyly termed as tortoises while aquatic turtles are known as terrapins. Those that live in salty water oceans are referred to as ocean turtles. Apart from Antarctica, testudines can be found in all early(a) continents of the world. They are characterized by a shell. The upper side of the shell is known as the carapace while the lower side is known as plastr superstar. The shell is normally part of the skin.Evolution history The first testudines are believed to conduct lived in the late Triassic periods. This is about 2 hundred and twenty million years ago. Over two hundred species represented by thirteen group exist today. Since Triassic period, turtles have evolved little by little though it is likely that the modern turtle could resemble the ancient ones with signally stable body plan. Testudines are believed to have evolved from body extensions of their back bones and broad ribs that enlarged and grew together to form the protective shell that offered shield at every stage of its evolution even when the components of the bones were not complete( Rieppel 1996 pg453). This is proved by the fossils of freshwater turtles the odontochelys semitestacea dated back at Triassic period. This species presentment a complete bony plastrone and an incomplete shell which resembles that of a turtle at embryonic development. There is no study that shows an exact ancestor for turtles. A molecular analysis of a bout two hundred and forty eight genes of sixteen vertebrate taxa suggests that testudines could be a sister to birds and crocodiles. (The Achosauria pg35). The separation dates of birds, crocodiles and a turtle is estimated to be two hundred and fifty five million years. The recent common ancestor of the modern turtle is estimated to have occurred about one hundred and fifty seven years ago and corresponds to the separation betwixt cryptodira and preurodira. Proganochelys is the earliest known fully shelled turtle of the late Triassic period. This genus had so m either another(prenominal) undisputed traits of the modern turtle. However it lacked the ability to pull its head back into the shell and had a long spiked tail ending in a club. This body form resembles that of ankylosaurs is believed to have resulted from convergent evolution. Testudines have two extant suborders pleurodira and cryptodira. Cryptodira is the larger of the two and include all terrestrial turtles, mar ine turtles and most of the freshwater turtles. Pleurodira is the smaller suborder and consists most of the freshwater species.Taxonomy Testudines are commonly referred to as tortoises, turtles or terrapins. . There are fourteen extant families of this order. The order has to a greater extent than three hundred known species though others may have been extinct with time. Ninety seven genera of testudines are also known. These genera are split into two suborders which are cryptodirans and pleurodirans in which the distinguishing factor is how the animals fold their neck to pull their head back into the shell. Pleurodirans have long necks and which they fold sideways while cryptodirans have petty ones and they fold them straight back to pull their heads back into the shell. Pelomedusidae and cheidae are the only known extant families of the pleurodires. The cryptodirans the following known families cathexisttochelydae, cheloniidae, Testudinae, Dermochelyidae, Chelydridae, kinost ernidae, Emydidae and Trionychidae. (Romer 1933 pg 5) Testudines are placed in a subclass known as Anapsida. Generally, testudines are placed in the following scientific classification. Kingdom- AnimaliaPhylum- ChordataClass- SauropsidaOrder- Testudines (Linnaeus, 1758 pg 40)Diet The diet of the testudines varies with the milieu as well as the age. Adult turtles main diet is aquatic plants, invertebrates such as warms, insects and snails but sometimes they can eat dead marine animals. Some freshwater turtles are carnivals and are reported to feed on small fish and other aquatic small creatures. Young turtles are strictly carnivores and feed on crab and snails. This is because proteins are essential for the formation of the carapace and other body features. Sea turtles feed on sponge, jellyfish and other and other soft bodied sea creatures. Turtles that have stronger jaws have been reported to feed on jellyfish. Some turtles such as green sea turtles are purely herbivores and feed on mainly algae.Behavior Turtles are extant reptiles and therefore are all of their species endotherms. With this they are seen basking in the sun especially in dawn either on rocks or bare soil for terrestrial ones or floating on water for sea turtles. Turtles breathe through the lung and lay their screwball on dry ground and not in water. A turtle will fold its neck and pull its head in the shell if it notices any form of danger. Turtles have good night vision due to large number of rod cells in their retina therefore most of them prey at night. They have a great color vision with sensitivities ranging from the near ultraviolet to red. Testudines have poor pursuit printment especially the terrestrial ones. However, carnivores ones can move their necks very fast to catch their prey. All turtles have rigid beaks and use their jaws to catch, cut and chew their food. Testudines are social creatures and sometimes switch between promiscuity and monogamy in their sexual b ehavior. The rigid carapace of the turtle is dome-shaped which is difficult for any prey to crush and it is also utilise for camouflaging in effort of danger or when preying. (Laurin 1999 pg65) Turtles live for long and take long before they reach breeding age. They do not have any parental care so ones they lay their eggs, they leave them to hatch on their own and the young ones are left to find their way to their natural habitat.Habitat Testudines resides in different environments ranging from freshwater, salt water, coastline and tropical reefs. They inhabit almost all non-arctic terrestrial region which include deserts, mountains, prairie and mountains. (Alderton, 2012 pg15)Interactions of turtles with human beingsSome turtles such as red-eared sliders are considered pests where they are not native.The flesh of turtles calipii is use for food in some cultures.In the Island of Grand Cayman, turtles are a traditional diet.Fat from turtles is used in cosmetic industry in Mexi co and Caribbean.Chinese use turtle plastrons as traditional medicine.Small sized Testudines are mostly used as pets in most parts of the world.ReferencesAlderton, David, and Susan Barraclough. Amazing snakes and reptiles. New York Sandy Creek, 2012. Print.Fogel, David. Matamatas the natural history, captive care, and breeding of Chelus fimbriatus. Ada Living Art Publishing, 2011. Print.Wood, Roger Conant. Two new species of Chelus (Testudines pleurodira) from the late tertiary of Northern South America. Cambridge, Mass. Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1976. Print.Source document

Political Typologies Essay Example for Free

Political Typologies EssayLiberal The political typology quiz categorized me under the unspecific typology group. The liberal typology group belongs support the ideologies of Democrats. It is as well as the largest group among the nine typology groups. According to the quiz, the liberal group is open to several controversial issues that are the main themes and topics of debates and arguments. These issues include homosexuality, abortion, euthanasia, etcetera A most recent controversial social issue involves beginning cell research.However, even if the liberal typology group is part of the Democratic Party, it still has different values apart from other groups that also belong to the same party. One that is particular to the liberal group is their stand on war. The liberal group is verificatory of diplomacy as a means of promoting peace with other countries. Liberalist groups do not believe that war is the answer to conflicts and disagreements. In addition to this, the grou p does not support anti-terrorist laws, specifically the Patriot Act, that the U.S. government is implementing. Other issues include espousing same sex marriages and advocating the protection and the preservation of the environment. Moreover, the group is also sympathetic to the concerns of immigrants and constancy unions.I agree with the results of the quiz because as I was reading the ideologies of the liberal group, I find myself agreeing to them. I do not believe in war, and I do not want to support it. I count on wars just cause more wars. Instead of resolving issues, it makes it even more complicated. A lot of unreserved lives have been lost just because of simple disagreements that the higher-ups should resolve by talking in peace, compromising, and deciding what is best for the country and other countries as well. I also respect other people in that I believe they have a choice whether to engage in same sex marriages, abortion, support stem cell research, adhere to any re ligious doctrine or not, etc. I think everyone has the right to decide for themselves and choose whatever it is that they want to do in life, well, as long as they do not do harm to others or the environment.That is a different case. In addition, the issue about labor unions and immigrants is also something that I agree with. There is no competition when it comes to immigrants and employment. They were qualified to work in the country therefore, there should be no question whether they do harm or good to the economy. Moreover, the rights and concerns of labor unions should be addressed. I think large businesses should pay attention to them and practice humanitarianism in the sense that they should think more of the people who work for them than the money that they earn because of them.Works CitedThe Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2008). Liberal. Retrieved from ThePew Research Center for the People and the Press. 28 March 2008. http//typology.people-press.org/typo logy/results.php.

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies EssayThe terminal figure colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a peeled territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers plot maintaining political allegiance to their surface area of origin.Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to anformer(a). One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is not easy to distinguish it from neocolonialism. oftentimes the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, neocolonialism also involves political and stinting control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues approximately how they differ.According to Longman Contemporary English Dictionary colonialism is when a compelling inelegant rules a weaker one and establishes its own trade and society there.ORIGIN OF COLONIALISMBefore the abolition of the slave trade by Denmark in 1802 and Britain in 1807. The entire West African Coast witnessed trade in slaves which were need for the plantations of the then Industrialized new world. The nations involved were France, Britain, Denmark, Portugal and Germany.About forty years later the trade changed to that of colonialism conquest and melody by Europeans. The Berlin West African Conference of 1884 1885 gave international recognition to a situation that was already in macrocosm. 1945 1960 witnessed a reversal of the process of colonization decolonization while 1960 till date is witnessing a reincarnation and a resurrection of colonialism neocolonialism. down the stairs shows a chronology of dates and the sequence of events from colonialism to neocolonialism and the present day ongoing process of neocolonialism.1880 1885 Proto-Colonial period1885 1945 Colonial EraSubdivision1884 1885 Berlin Conference ( the scramble for Africa)1885 1900 Period of Conquest and occupation1900 1919 Period of Penetration1919 1939 Period of Colonial Rule1939 1945 Decline of colonial rule1945 1960 Period of decolonization1960 Till date Period of Neocolonialism.MEANING OF NEOCOLONIALISMThe term neocolonialism was first coined by Kwame Nkrumah, the first post-independence president of Ghana, and has been discussed by a number of twentieth century scholars and philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Noam ChomskyNeocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic, by promoting ones own goal, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that culture can then make greater headway in possible action the markets in those countries. Thus, neocolonialism would be the result of business interests leading to deleterious cultural effects.Neocolonialism as defined by Longmans contemporary English Dictionary is when a powerful country uses its economic and political influence to control another country.DEFERENCE BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND NEOCOLONIALISMThough colonialism and neocolonialism are two sides of a coin. There are a number of differences that distinguishes the two.COLONIALISMNEOCOLONIALISMIt is not modern (between 1880 1960sIt involves corporal or territorial occupation by the colonizersIt has endedIt is the early state of capitalism or imperialismIt varies match to country e.g. Indirect Rule, (British) and policy of assimilation association by the French.It was led by France and Britain.It is a modern phenomenonIt is not involve direct or physical presence of the colonizer any moreIt is ongoing i.e it is a unremitting processIt is the highest stage of ImperialismNeo-colonialism uses one methodology agents of GlobalizationIt is now led by USAPro bably nothing has become as controversial a subject as the impact of Colonialism on Africa among scholars of history and political science. Scholars such as Gann, Duignan, Perham and PC Lloyd reassure colonialism and neocolonialism as a blessing rather than a curse while other scholars such as Kwame Nkrumah, Che Guevara, Walter Rodney, MHY Kaniki A.E. Afigbo, A. Adu, Boahen, Ali Mazrai etc. sees it as a curse rather than a blessing. To buttress this further Che Guevaras says.As long as imperialism exists it will by definition exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism.Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary 1965In view of this, the impact of Neo-colonialism therefore is not a lesser task to assess particularly from social, economic and political perspectives in Nigeria. To be frank, though there were positive effects but every greater were the negative ones.Below is my assessment of the impact of neocolonialism on the social, economic and p olitical life of Nigeria.(A) AN perspicacity SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA(1) Provision of a lingua franca.This is a positive impact of Neo-colonialism in Nigeria. The provision of a lingua franca (official language) for Nigeria can now be seen as a blessing due to the marriage of inconvenience which brought the numerous linguistic groups that constitutes the country to easily submit a neutral language. Neo-colonialism through globalization has further consolidated the use of English language as the business and official language not merely Nigeria but across the Anglophone countries.(2) Cultural DominanceAccording to Ali-Mazrui African are not necessarily the intimately brutalized of peoples, but they are almost certainly the most humiliated.Using the agents of a globalization e.g. the Mass Media, Internet Western Movies etc. Nigerian culture like other African countries is evidently being quash and dominated by the horse opera culture. Many Nigerians t oday seem to have imbibed the European way of life at the expense of our rich African culture (colonial mentality). This is gradually leading to a loss of cultural identity.(3) Western EducationThis is an indispensable effect that Neo-colonialism has also used as a tool for Nigerian continuous reliance on the west for inadequate, lopsided and wrongly oriented education which was bequeathed by colonialism and consolidated by Neo-colonialism. This is evident from the fact that our acquisition of western education has helped in a neglect of technological and industrial education rather than that of a technological advancement.(4) Environment DegradationOil spillages due to the ontogenesis of oil by some multinational companies such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. has to a large extent polluted Nigerias water and land resources particularly in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Consequently this has affected the eco-system, the habitat and the cultural occupation of the people of th at area.(B) AN ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIAPositively Nigeria as a country has benefiting economically from Neo-colonialism. However the negative economic impacts seem to outweigh the positive impacts. One out of the negative economic impacts includes(1) Economic DependencyInternational Organizations criminate of participating in neo-colonialism are the World Bank, World Trade Organizations, the Group of Eight the Paris Club, the World economic forum, IMF etc. have been used by the first world countries to subject Nigeria into some structural adjustments which will increase rather than alleviate poverty . These Organizations are neocolonial agents used to ensure a staring(a) economic failure and dependence of Nigeria as evident in the high rate of underdevelopment, poverty, debt burden etc. which has characterized our economy.(2) Economic Subjugation by Multi-national CorporationsCritics of neocolonialism has also argued that coronation by multinati onal corporations enriches few in under-developed countries and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological devastation to the population which inhabits the colonies. These corporations such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. are responsible for a continuous flow of natural resources (oil) which unduly benefits the neo-colonial states.(3) Economic Brain DrainToday modern slavery exists through visa lotteries used to siphon not notwithstanding Nigerias but ultimately the human resources of the developing countries. This is an economic brain drain strategy to subject the third world into a continuous technological hostage.(C) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POLITICAL IMPACTS OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA(1) Consolidation of Democracy in NigeriaThough Nigerias political history has been characterized by the Military versus the Civilians. Recently democracy seems to have been fully intrench in Nigeria through neo-colonial agent, such as the U.N. and other similar organizations.(2) Political Depend encyNigerias membership of the United Nations and the Commonwealth which sit joined immediately after Independence provided reasons why we have always been politically dependent on neo-colonial states like the USA and Britain. Consequently, Nigeria membership Pan-African Movement like, NEPAD, the Non-Aligned Movements, the African Union, the ECOWAS have not change state as from this unending political grip of dependency.(3) Political Instability and government ChangeApparently, government either Military or Civilian which poses no scourge to the neo-colonial states in Nigeria seem to last longer than the unfriendly ones. In my opinion, no other reason can be tendered as why the Murtala Seven Months Regime (July 1975 February 1976) and the Buhari regime (December 1983 August 1985) were very short lived. Nigerian leaders who refuse to be stooges or puppets of the neo-colonial powers are usually forcefully removed.(4) Loss of Independence and reignNeo-colonialism, as a continuatio n of colonialism have of course eroded the independence or sovereignty which Nigeria like many third world countries claimed to have gotten.(5) raw ColonialismFinally, neo-colonialism is the tool which has helped the neo-colonial states to continue the colonial process which started around 1880 and obstructed by decolonization or Independence of Nigeria in 1960In conclusion, whatever colonialism and neo-colonialism did or is doing for Africans in Africa or Nigeria, given its opportunities, it resources and the power and influence it is wielding till date it could and should have done far more than it has done. It is precisely because the neo-colonial states not only did not see the development of Africans as their first priority but did not see it as a priority at all that they stand criticized. The continuous existence of the tools of neo-colonialism therefore poses an existential threat to the development of Nigeria and Africa.

The Beginnings Of Prescriptive Rules In English

The Beginnings Of normative Rules In faceThis research constitution traces the beginnings of prescriptive grammar in the side of meat linguistic communication. It shows how the beginning of prescriptivism is closely connected with the changes in the society of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The invention of printing press, better social mobility and better education, in one way or an early(a) helped bring side to its standard level. Prescriptive efforts of the above mentioned centuries were too helpful in codifying the English delivery and setting this linguistic communication as the standard one.INTRODUCTIONMy research paper traces the beginnings of prescriptive formulas in the English dustup. The thesis is that prescriptive rules came into existence in the nineteenth coulomb. However, after reading above mentioned works, I discovered that its beginnings could be traced forrader this duration. Furtherto a greater extent, the other assumption is that the r ise of prescriptivism has been set into motion by changes in philosophy and economy, and subsequently in society, and we shall try to prove this assumption to be rightfulness passim this essay. Also, close to of the rules most commonly k forthwithn as prescriptive rules leave alone be mentioned.PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVEIn this introduction we will shape what prescriptive rules are, and horizontal surface out its counterpart decriptivism ( takement). These terms are used in linguistics and both have (not only prescriptive and descriptive rules, notwithstanding in any case prescriptive and descriptive grammars) avid supporters, for instance R.A. Lafferty and David Foster Wallace, respectively.In linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the en tiement of rules governing the fashion of a particular linguistic communication. These rules can cover such topics as standards for spelling and grammar or syntax, or rules regarding what is deemed socially o r politically correct. Prescription includes the mechanisms for establishing and maintaining an interregional language or a standardized spelling system. It can also include declarations of what particular groups consider to be good taste. If that taste is conservative, prescription may be resistant to language change. If it is radical, prescription may be productive of neologisms. Prescription can also include recommendations for effective language usage.As already mentioned, prescriptivism has its counterpart descriptivism. Descriptive methods retain and record how language is used in practice, which is the basis of all linguistic research. scholarly descriptive work is usually based on text or corpus analysis, or on field studies. However, the term description includes each individuals observations of their own language usage. Descriptive linguistics eschews value judgments and makes no recommendations. In short, descriptive linguists do not think that somewhatthing can be dee med wrong in language usage.These approaches to language are seen by many as opposites because one declares what language should be like, while the other states how language really functions in everyday society. We can also claim that they are complementary, because popular debates around language issues wheel around the question how to balance them.THE STUDYAs mentioned above, my original thesis was that prescriptivism first appeared in the nineteenth century. I based this thesis on the event that the nineteenth century, or more precisely the Victorian period, was the time of great social change, which led to greater social mobility. My elicit in this period and some previous essays I wrote about the mentioned period had led me to take this stand. Studies conducted by Dr. Shadya A.N. dough (The Rise of Prescriptivism) and Laura Wright (The Development of Standard English), do me think otherwise.Different events, historic and social, contri exclusivelyed to the rise of prescrip tivism, which heart and soul that prescriptivism did not develop outside society. Cole states that most prescriptive rules were made between 1650 and 1800 (Cole 2003119). This covers a big time span to consider, but this was an era that saw some of the most interesting changes take place. In that time frame, the UK witnessed change in the political arena. The absolute monarchy was trans framinged into constitutional monarchy1. This was the pass on and a sign of the growing power of the middle class. Power of the middle class could best be seen in the English Civil War (1642-1651), also known as the Puritan Revolution, and by the establishment of the Commonwealth. unmatched of the things that also had a significant impact on the dawn of prescriptivism was the expansion of the colonies, which provided the Kingdom with capacious amounts of money and resources fateed for industry, and also made the middle class more affluent. All of these events led to social mobility, which was s omething that had not been seen before (Cole 2003 119).The new emerging materialistic was formed and it strived for social betterment. This betterment, along with good etiquette, included language. In search of such modes of behavior, which characterized the nobility, the middle class had to look outside their own customs.It might be advisable to mention here William Caxton and the year 1476. This is the starting point of the English printing press. It carries importance because it opened the doors to vernacular works, which were designed for the middle class and nobility, and also provides a precise beginning for the tracing of orthographic reform during the later(a) fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. One of the most important works of that time was the printing of the script into the vernacular language and that, consequently, opened the doors to preaching in the vernacular.Printing press, without any doubt, helped to diffuse knowledge much faster and in all leve ls of the society. At this point all kinds of printed material became available, from newspapers, journals, pamphlets, to books. Along with this rose the number of literate people.As commercial upper- conservative came into prominence, it spread literate education through wider circles of society and boost the study of modern foreign languages (Cole 2003 121). The separation of the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome in 1533-34 made significant changes in the characteristics of the universities. Before, universities had been the professional schools of the clergy, but now education expended into the sciences and humanities. Latin and Greek were still the languages needed to be learnt, but demand for the English language to be taught was also growing.The demand for learning English marks a turning point. Before that time, the upper-classes insisted on their children being fluent in Greek and Latin along with French. On the other hand, with the rise of the middle-class the tide started to turn because English was getting appraisal and education was aimed at producing speakers of correct English (Cole 2003 121).Again, this demand can be traced to the changes in the society. As the middle-class grew, two sub-classes started to emerge. Those were the more genteel merchant class and the less genteel trading class. The decisive factor in their separation was the way they spoke and wrote. Thus, the teaching of the English language became necessary for the acceptance into genteel society. philosophical system and the current way of thinking considerably impacted linguistic research. The influential new stream in philosophy was rationalism which was manifested in the tendency to exertion to strike disputes by using logic and it became dominant in the language usage.English language started to gain prominence. Variations, that had arisen through years were no longer being looked at with as great tolerance as before. Latin and Greek still carried a great importa nce. They were the languages on which English grammar was modeled. However, Latin had more influence over English than any other language. Latin conventions and examples were carried over into English to make it more appealing. One of the reasons for this was that Latin grammar was seen as an appropriate pattern upon which to model an English grammar (Cole 2003 119). The early books written in English were textbooks for the instruction of a foreign language or books that provided a basis for the study of Latin. Now that books were being written for the instruction of English, the authors basically applied the same pattern as they did for Latin. Linguists were trying to force English into a linguistic mold that was no longer suitable for a living language. They wanted to have the same logic, clarity and force in English as they had when they were using Latin. British writers were worried that English would bring chaos and instability, and would destroy the ease of communication affor ded by the stable immaculate language. One of the early proponents of the call for the authorative regularization of English was John Dryden2. Eventually, this regularization led to the common acceptance of prescriptive outlook on the language and the rules of correctness. From what was said before regarding the new middle-class, we can conclude that the popularity of the authoritarian movement was due to the popular demand of the middle class for guidance on how to use English primly. Elizabeth Bohnert claims that the need for the proper usage of English also affected speech patterns. What she argues is that the speech patterns of the educated and aristocratic in the capital were naturally considered to be superior throughout the 16th and 17th centuries (Bohnert 2008 1). It was not until the age of prescriptivism that certain accents began to be considered faulty.As the middle-class increased in wealth, they desired to have the education and the manners of the vox populi class. Their basic assumption was that variation in language was undesirable and printers catered to the need of the wealthy by producing various handbooks. Since material possessions no longer carried the stigma of class, the manner of speaking, pronunciation and grammar became useful in making distinctions among classes. In the late 18th century a few writers from diverse linguistic backgrounds took it upon themselves to distinguish between proper and improper pronunciation, which was a way to instruct the provincials on how to imitate the speech of capital of the United Kingdomers.Latin influence eventually became more widespread, which decreased the freedom and individuality of English. English style and elegance reflected those of chaste Latin. If there were differences found between the two languages, English was al shipway referred to as faulty, because Latin was after all a classical language. What Latin offered was the definite rules that writers could appeal to and rely on (Col e 2003 121). English was not reliable because it had no grammar, or at least that was the common assumption. Some writers, when indite in English, had to transform their thoughts or ideas first into Latin so that they could see what the best way of converting them into English was. Borrowing of Latin words greatly enriched English vocabulary, even though this was not something new. However, there were those who thought that such words were redundant. This led to the famous inkhorn3controversy. This controversy came at the time when English was replacing Latin as the main language of science and learning in England. Inkhorns were new words that were being introduced into the language by writers, often self-consciously borrowing from chaste literature. Critics regarded these words as useless as they required knowledge of Latin or Greek to be understood. They also contended that there were words with identical sum already in English. Many of these so-called inkhorn terms, such as di smiss, celebrate, encyclopedia, or ingenious stayed in the language and are nowadays commonly used. We must filter here that even today Latin and Greek words can be found in formal and scientific writing, but as Cole said those are polysyllabic words (Cole 2003 122).As English gained prominence, a new fear emerged among learned people. They thought that making English more lingually rich would lead to ineloquent, imprecise, and ambiguous communication (Cole 2003 123). The assumption was that English had no codified grammar, which made learned people uneasy, but at the same time gave them a new goal to reach to define English by a set of rules. These rules, for instance about sentence structure and world choice, would be agreed upon by all. However, usage differed very greatly because every writer had his own individual judgment on what was correct and what was not. In spite of their differences, linguists did agree on one fact, which was that English had a prior age when it was pu re. It was thought that this former pure state could be restored. However, this turned to be more herculean because every writer had his own period which he considered pure. Some considered Chaucers writing as ideal, some Shakespeares or Swifts.In the 15th century there was an attempt to establish an English Academy, which would deal with linguistic problems. This academy would be modeled on the French academy. The suggestion for setting up such an institution was made by John Barret in the preface of his lexicon. The greatest proponent of this idea was Jonathan Swift. He claimed that language usage could and should be governed by an arbitrary authoritarian consistency (Cole 2003 125). Likewise, this proposal brought objections. Some, like John Oldmixon (a poet), though that such an academy would impose its ideas of the language usage on others. Many contemporaries thought the same and the interest slowly waned. Nonetheless, the desire for the language to be ascertained, refined and fixed remained a popular sentiment. Now, the idea of private dictionaries came to be popular. The idea was to make a dictionary that would include all the words of English and a grammar that would detail the proper usage of such words.The two most important works were created in the secondment part of the 18th century those were Samuel Johnsons Dictionary of the English Language (1755) and Robert Lowths Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762). Decisions about what to put in a dictionary and what to neglect were based on a lexicographers ideology. And every lexicographer has got/had one.One thing that directly comes to mind while going through these linguistic beginnings is that most of the writers sought ways to petrify a language in a certain time. Almost all of them were afraid that their works would not be read by forthcoming generations because they would not know how. They could not grasp the fact that it is quite normal for a language to change through time and in contact with other languages.There were attempts for English syntax to be explained. The handbooks were the work of individuals who believed that reforms were necessary and that they were the ones to make them. Most of the reformers had no particular training or qualifications other than the belief that they had a right do declare what was right and wrong about the English language. Some of them were members of the clergy and had knowledge of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Because they were all classically trained, they forced English into a classical mold. However, there were exceptions, like Joseph Priestleys The Rudiments of English Grammar. In it Priestley recognized the usage of reputable writers as the standard for linguistic propriety. The eighteenth-century grammarians wanted to prove that English was fit of being described systematically. They did not allow any variations in usage and were strictly against any uncertainty. Many of them based their pronouncements upon their pers onal preferences. Whenever Latin could not settle any disputed points in the grammar, they would turn to the authority of usage. It is safe to say that they were part prescriptive and part descriptive.By the 18th century, most grammarians agreed that usage must be the factor governing correctness in language. However, they could not agree whose usage should be standard. One that seems to stand out is George Campbell. He wrote Philosophy of Rhetoric in 1776, and in it he defined English as reputable, national and present. He then explains what he means by these definitions. National means that language is neither rural nor foreign (he means Latin or French). Present usage means not the usage of the moment, but it is the usage of the new-made past, which has stood the test of time. Reputable means the usage of the best writers.Some of the most notorious prescriptive rules came from this period. Examples of these are the usage of pronouns, It is I or It is me (the correct form is It i s I because verb to be always has a nominative case after it). Other rules would be the difference between verbs lie and lay. Lie is a verb that does not require an object, whereas lay requires an object. Users were discouraged from using the modal verbs shall and will interchangeably. Shall should be used only with first person singular and first person plural, and will with second and third persons. The eighteenth century is responsible for the final stamp of disapproval on multiple or double negatives (Cole 2003 138). Lowth explicitly stated the rule that two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative (We dont need no education). Another rule was that of ending a sentence with a preposition. It was John Dryden, the 17th-century poet and dramatist, who first promulgate the doctrine that a preposition may not be used at the end a sentence. Grammarians in the 18th century refined the doctrine, and the rule has since catch one of the most venerated maxims of schoolroom grammar. But sentences ending with prepositions can be found in the works of most of the great writers since the Renaissance. In fact, English syntax not only allows but sometimes even requires final placement of the preposition, as in We have much to be thankful for or That depends on what you believe in. Efforts to rewrite such sentences to place the preposition elsewhere can have comical results, as Winston Churchill demonstrated when he objected to the doctrine by utter This is the discriminate of English up with which I cannot put.Split infinitives have been condemned as ungrammatical for nearly 200 years, but it is hard to see what exactly is wrong with saying to boldly go (The American Heritage Book of English Usage.). In fact, the split infinitive is distinguished both by its length of use and the greatness of its users. people have been splitting infinitives since the 14th century, and some of them include John Donne, Daniel Defoe, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Johnson, William Wordswor th, Abraham Lincoln, George Eliot and Henry James. The only rationale for condemning the construction is based on a false analogy with Latin. The belief is that because the Latin infinitive is a single word, the English infinitive should be treated as if it were a single unit. But English is not Latin, and people split infinitives all the time without giving it a thought.I have already mentioned that prescriptivism also impacted the way people spoke. By the late 19th century prescriptivism had transformed into an effort to expunge any hint of accent that would betray regional distinction, including that of London. This created an environment of linguistic anxiety. During this time the term cockney transformed into the most condemning term for improper speech in the 19th century. It came to denote somebody who is vulgar and ignorant. The whole 19th century London was riddled with Cockneyism. Prescriptivists described the Cockneys as the prime culprits of language degeneration, and a threat to all gentility and grace. Today, many linguists agree that this were mostly scare tactics aimed at the middle-classes, whose social insecurities made them a ready market for prescriptive coercion. Some such rules governing pronunciation were /h/ dropping (improper /h / usage was associated with the ill-informed and illiterate, as proper usage required a knowledge of where h was made in spelling), /h/ insertion (came about as the hypercorrection of /h/ dropping), or post-vocalic /r/.The spate of books, magazines and newspapers that began flowing to the newly developed and fast growing class of literate readers accelerated stabilization and by the beginning of the 20th century the process of standardization of English was stabile. The 20th century gave many manuals written by authors of sufficient scholarship to make those manuals authoritative. One such example is The Kings English (1906) by the Fowler brothers and this was followed by Modern English Usage (1926).CONCLUSION The most important consequence of prescriptive grammar was that people could no longer claim that English had no rules. In addition to that, the distinction between the standard and non-standard usage was made visible. Standard usage is the one we still learn in schools today. Prescriptive grammarians fixed a number of disputed usages in language, even though they started off very indecisive on what the correct form was. Grammarians of that period accentuate rules that are still highly regarded today. Rules like the usage of pronouns I and me, double negation, or splitting the infinitive. After the invention of the printing press, English was promoted as a common language and some attempts at assigning formal structures to the language began to appear.Prescriptive rules have their ultimate justification in the communitys need to make their language meaningful. By making it meaningful, linguists tried to mirror English on the languages they thought were the most appropriate. They th ought that classical languages were the best choice. In the end this led to some outrageous rules. The rule against split infinitives, for instance, is a consequence of the peculiar fact that English grammar is modeled on Latin even though Latin is a synthetic language and English is an analytic language. Nevertheless, the linguist of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries helped lead English into a codified and standard position by video display that it had grammar and rules that need to be obeyed.