Mircobiology research assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mircobiology research assignment - Essay Example Logging, whether legal or illegal, causes much deforestation. It has the capability of displacing certain microorganisms in a particular habitat. There is mutual existence in the forest between microorganisms and other species but this relationship has been altered due to deforestation creating some occurrences of new infective diseases and the re-emergence of the old pathogens with greater resistance and impunity. Some of man's activities contribute in decimating forests. Aside from logging, man clears land for agricultural food and non-food crops. Other factors that complement rapid deforestation include fuelwood gathering, charcoal making, mining, clearing of large tracts of forest ground for human habitation, and clearing of forest floor for water storage and dams facilities. With such activities, man has also created some man-made sites, holes, patches with stagnant water favoring some insect vectors. Such forest disturbance could benefit more the insect vectors. In Tanzania, for instance, malaria carrier Anopheles gambiaae found a nice breeding ground in shallow patches, pits, sewers, and holes resulting from deforestation. In 1960 in the Amazonian Brazil, malaria was declared as under control. After two decades, the disease however, re-appeared in greater proportion. Health authorities cited some factors that contributed to the new outbreak: human habitation into the rainforest, which provided the insects with new non-immune hosts, and the resulting man-made breeding sites with standing water. The same incident was observed along the TransAmazon Highway where more people contracted malaria due to increasing immigration and forest settlement. 3 Before deforestation, forest floor are naturally littered with organic layers (leaves, branches, and the like). This makes it quite acidic. Upon clearing or deforesting, the same piece of forest floor, now with man-made pools, is penetrated by sunlight making it warmer and at the same time rendering it neutral in pH. This condition greatly favors certain mosquito larvae to develop and multiply in enormous number. To have malaria, three conditions must be met: the presence of human hosts; the sufficient number of malaria transmitting anopheline mosquitoes; and, the favorable conditions such as temperature and humidity, for the complete development of the parasite in the infected mosquitoes. Some apparently healthy blood transfusion donors may also transmit the disease if parasites are not fully eradicated in him. So far, four species of malarial parasites are recognized as pathogenic to man: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. They produce different clinical fever symptoms. Malaria has an interesting story. The early Romans thought that the disease was caused by foul air rising from the marshes. And so they drained the marshes to reduce the breeding places of mosquitoes. In so doing, unintentionally, they also reduced the occurrence of malarial infestation.

How does Hobbes believe that a science of politics is possible Essay

How does Hobbes believe that a science of politics is possible - Essay Example The same would apply in ensuring maintenance of peace and avoiding civil conflict. Hobbes’ science of politics carries scientific proofs leading to such a conclusion. It is not possible to exaggerate the philosophical importance of Hobbes because of the geometric proof entailed in his political argument. Francis Bacon appears to influence the process followed by Thomas Hobbes in formulating his science of politics. The geometric methodology is pronounced in the political philosophy compared to how he treats the laws of nature. Following the provision of quick definitions and conclusions that come in a series, an unfathomable logical consistency emerges relating to prudential results. The author defines the laws of nature as realistic precepts guiding people to the state of peace. To begin with, each person needs to seek peace with other people in the world. The only exemption is when the others do not have an interest in peace. However, the peace seeker should invoke helps of war. According to Hobbes, the first law of nature of seeking peace has two subdivisions. The first category supports a state of peace by making it mandatory for people to fulfil the desire for self-preservation. On the other hand, the law appreciates the fact that coexisting peacefully calls for reciprocity. Chances of establishing peace become slim if only one party takes the responsibility. This aspect led t the formulation of the second part of the first law. The aim was to have an all-round law accommodating possible situations. Te second part asks the peace seeker to use violent means to survive if others do not want to cooperate. Already, people retain personal rights to determine what can help them survive. Continued existence of the right is the main source of war and other forms of conflict (Sorell 53). Therefore, attainment of peace requires people to