500 Days of Summer Analysis | Reversing Gender Roles in Film

500 Days of Summer Analysis | Reversing Gender Roles in Film Narrator: This is a story of boy meets girlYou should know up front, this is not a love story. (500) Days of Summer (Marc Webb, 2009) as Chasing Amy (Kevin Smith, 1997), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Michael Gondry, 2004) is another of these revelations full of originality which differs from the romantic comedy patterns. The film is presented as an alternative romantic comedy mainly because of three main reasons. To begin with, it anticipates to the spectator that the two main characters are not going to finish together, which as we have previously seen breaks the mould of the romantic comedy genre. Then, it introduces to the viewer that the happy ending one usually deduces from romantic comedies it is not going to be seen. Finally there is a variation of the representation of the traditional gender roles of heterosexual relationships. As the film starts by the omniscient narrator commenting: This is not a love story The narrative of the film hinges on the central protagonist Tom (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) who is introduced showing the several flashbacks and flash-forwards of the story of his 500 days with Summer (Zooey Deschanel). Presenting a similar structure to High Fidelity (Stepthen Frears, 2000) or to the already analysed Michel Gondrys Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind the film has the same nonlinear narrative showing forwards and backwards in the story of the relationship suggesting the image of a puzzle with a few pieces missing. Like Kaufmans film, this nonlinear story about a romance is told after the couples failure however it lacks a component present in Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind: it does not present a possible second chance for Tom and Summer. Reversing gender role of romantic comedy stereotypes. Romantic love (Tom) versus Giddens Confluent Love (Summer). Romantic comedy is a genre that is commonly labelled as being a womens genre. Although there are exceptions in the genre, there is usually a heroine who a female viewer can identify and empathise with (Claire Mortimer, 20). In contrast to Mortimers quote alternative romantic comedies frequently focus on gender role reversals setting out to prove the male hero can be as sensitive and desperate for love as the female characters are as happens in films such as Pagafantas, (Borja Cobeaga, 2009) where Chema (Gorka Otxoa) is madly in love with Claudia (Sabrina Garcianera) but she sees him merely as a friend. In (500) Days of Summer gender reversal is represented through the portrayal of the characters Tom and Summer. In the case of Tom, he has more in common with the heroines of romantic comedies that are hopelessly romantic and desperate to find the one, they cannot imagine themselves being happy without a man, too caught up in their obsession with romance to notice the men who could bring it into their lives. Tom totally represents the hopeless and perhaps foolish romantic who believes in love and wants that one great person in his life: Tom: I love how she makes me feel, like anythings possible, or like life is worth it. In relation to this gender role reversal Giddens believes that today, women have a far greater degree of equality: In the current era, ideals of romantic love tend to fragment under the pressure of female sexual emancipation and autonomy (Giddens, 1992: 61). It is because of this, that romantic gender roles and expectations in todays society have changed. This change Giddens refers to is represented in the character of Summer. As it was previously mentioned in the typical romantic comedy women are portrayed as obsessive as the relationship-desperate characters as happens in Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming, 1939) where during the Civil War Scarlett OHara (Vivien Leigh) is desperately in love with Ashley Wilkes (Leslie Howard) who is going to get marry to another woman or as it also occurs in My Best Friends Wedding (P.J. Hogan, 1997) where Julianne Potter (Julia Roberts) acts as an obsessive and desperate character trying to avoid Michaels wedding. Summer plays the opposite role to Scarlet and Julianne: she acts as a character that rejects commitment, emotionally withdrawn wrong man usually presented in romantic comedies and looking for a romance with no commitment moving away from the role of the stereotypical heroine in the romantic comedy: Tom: What happens if you fall in love? Summer: Well, you dont believe that, do you? Tom: Its love. Its not Santa Claus. Tom acts under the influence of romantic pop songs and romantic comedies considering that it is possible for love to exist. Men, like women, fall in love and have done so throughout the recorded past (Giddens, 1992:58). Tom is represented as the character who believes in this forever lasting love (romantic love). He still does not realise that love is so much more complicated than his concept of it, and that requires, among other things, the understanding of Summer. In contrast to romantic love, Giddens introduces the term of confluent love. He claims that confluent love is active, contingent love, and therefore jars with the for-ever, one-and-only qualities of the romantic love complex (Giddens, 1992: 61). In relation to this concept Summer is the character that portrays the notion of confluent love. Summer sees the relationship from another perspective far from a traditional model of love: till death us do part (Tom) versus to see how it works and whether it is convenient (Summer). Although she accepts to begin the relationship she warns Tom that she does not believe in love when she says: Theres no such thing as love, its fantasy and does not want a boyfriend, and no matter how intimate they become she insists that they are merely friends: Summer: Summer: Were just fr Tom: Tom: [Interrupting] Tom: No! Dont pull that with me! This is not how you treat your friend! Kissing in the copy room? Holding hands in IKEA? Shower sex? Come on! Friends my balls! This gender role reversal could be identified as one way in which the film breaks with the romantic comedy formula in which the image of Tom is feminized and Summer represents the dominant character of the film adhering obvious conventions (boy meets girl; boy and girl face obstacles to their romantic union; boy and girl conquer obstacles to find true love) from the romantic comedy formula.

Poor Communications and Conflict Essay -- Functions of Communication

Is most conflict in an organisation is caused by poor communication? If we had perfect communication would conflict cease? Consider for example, an e-mail asking for some information â€Å"yesterday† to stress how important this request is. The sender thinks e-mails are great as they travel at the speed of light and spell things out in black & white. The recipient may consider that if its in a e-mail then it can’t be that urgent because servers can loose, misdirect or delay an e-mails transmission. They may also consider that as the information was wanted â€Å"yesterday† its already too late to be effectively utilised. Both parties saw the same communiquà ©, neither read the same message. Each will blame the other for failing to communicate properly and conflict may result. E-mail flame wars are a high tech twist on whispering campaigns. And like the system of claims & loyalties in a feudal states the smallest e-mail spat can spiral out of control with careless use of the C.C. and B.C.C functions. Drucker (1977)says that there are four fundamentals of communication: communication is perception of the recipient not the utterance of the instigator communication is expectation in that recipients will heed only what they are expecting to hear communication makes demands of the recipient that they become someone, do or believe something communication and information are different and largely opposite - yet interdependent Employees need to know a number of things such as what is expected of them, how they are performing and how can they advance. If these are not communicated, on a regular basis, then role or expectation conflict will develop and motivation decline as the employee is berated for failing to meet the goals their superiors [are convinced they] assigned them. But if this is all the communication they receive they may begin to feel like machines. According to Pearson & Thomas there are three levels of communication that employees need, these being: Must know discussed above. Should know which includes significant staff changes and company/market developments. Then could know which although having no operational impact makes life more interesting. Office gossip is only a could know but probably the communication that really binds a company together. Barring security, legal and share price sensitive data everyone should... ...’s healthy. If people fight each other openly in your presence for what they believe in that’s healthy. But keep all the conflict eyeball to eyeball [as opposed to back stabbing] Towsend,R Orders flow down a company hierarchy. Communication of the understanding of such flows upwards. Crosswise people share information on getting things done often in contravention of policies Employees need direction, information and entertainment accurately and truthfully delivered by both the formal and informal company chains of communication. References DRUCKER, P (1977) People and Performance The best of Peter Drucker on Management: Heinemann. DRUCKER, P (1974) Management Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices: Butterworth. PEARSON, B & THOMAS, N (1991) The Shorter MBA: HarperCollins TOWSEND, R (1988) Further up the Organisation: Harper & Row Bibliography BUHLER, PM(1999) Supervision, Vol. 60 Issue 2, p16, 3p KREITNER, R et al (1993) Organizational Behaviour: McGrawHill PUGH, DS (1971) Organization Theory: Pelican PUGH, DS & HICKSON, DJ (1964) Writers on Organisations: Penguin THOMAS, AB (1993) Controversies in Management: Routledge

Commercial Bank

A  commercial bank  (or  business bank) is a type of  financial institution  and  intermediary. It is a bank  that lends money and provides  transactional, savings, and money market accounts and that accepts  time deposit. Commercial banks represent the core of the credit for any national economy. In turn, the credit is the engine that put in motion the financial flows that determine growth and economic development of a nation. As a result, any efficiency in the activities of commercial banks has special implications on the entire economy.That is why we consider very useful to present an analysis of possibilities for evaluating the performance in the commercial banks. The management of every commercial bank must establish a system for assessing investment performance which suits its circumstances and needs and this evaluation must be done at consecutive intervals to ensure the achievement of the Bank's investment objectives of hand; and to know the general direction of the behaviour of investment activity in the past and therefore predictable as it in the future on the other hand.Because of the crucial role that commercial banks hold in the financial sector, this paper focuses specifically on the managing core risks is banking sector as a vital segment of the whole economy, without which no modern economy can exercise the role and own functions. ————————————————- ————————————————- Origin of the word The name  bank  derives from the  Italian  word  banco  Ã¢â‚¬Å"desk/bench†, used during the  Renaissanceera by  Florentine  bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. 2]  However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times. — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- The role of commercial banks Commercial banks engage in the following activities: * processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means * issuing bank drafts and bank cheques * accepting money on term deposit * lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means * roviding documentary and standby  letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures * safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes * sales, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of: insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a â€Å"financial supermarket† * cash management and treasury * merchant banking  and  private equity  financing traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and  make markets   in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an  investment bank  arm that is involved in the  mentioned activities[clarify]. ————————————————- [editTypes of loans granted by commercial banks [edit]Secured loan A  secured loan  is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e. g. a car or property) as  collateral  for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan.The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount.The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower. A  mortgage loan  is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are given security – a  lien  on the title to the house – until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower  defaults  on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to epossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed on ly a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, due to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing. Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before.In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers. In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain c ar loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area.In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults. [edit]Unsecured loan Unsecured loans  are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (i. e. , no  collateral  is involved). There are small businesss unsecured loans such as credit cards and credit lines to large corporate credit lines.These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages: * bank  overdrafts An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this s ituation the account is said to be â€Å"overdrawn†. If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply. * corporate bonds credit card  debt * credit facilities or lines of credit * personal loans What makes a bank limited liability company A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business. [1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term â€Å"commercial paper† is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity. ) Sometimes, the term â€Å"corporate bonds† is used to include all bonds except those issu ed by governments in their own currencies.Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category. [clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called â€Å"listed† bonds) and ECNs like Bonds. com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (i. e. interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-the-counter markets.Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same ‘Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS ‘basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different. Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States * Glass-Steagall Act * Mortgage constant Functions of Commercial Banks Commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. It satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. That means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. Generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. rimary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifi es the functions of banks. Primary Functions of Commercial Banks Commercial Banks performs various primary functions some of them are given below 1 Accepting Deposits  :  Commercial bank accepts various types of deposits from public especially from its clients. It includes saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, fixed deposits, etc. These deposits are payable after a certain time period  2 Making Advances  :  The commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms. It includes an over draft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc.They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. 3 Credit creation  :It is most significant function of the commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, a bank does not provide cash to the borrower Instead it opens a deposit account from where the borrower can withdraw. In other words while sanctioning a loan a bank automatically creates deposits. This is kno wn as a credit creation from commercial bank. Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks Along with the primary functions each commercial bank has to perform several secondary functions too.It includes many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions. a) Agency Functions  : Various agency functions of commercial banks are ————————————————- 1 To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. ————————————————- 2 To make payment of rent, insurance premium, etc. ————————————————- 3 To deal in foreign exchange transactions. ——â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 4 To purchase and sell securities. ———————————————— 5 To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. ————————————————- 6 To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. b) General Utility Functions  : The general utility functions of the commercial banks include ————————————————- 1 To provide safety locker facility to customers. ————————————————- 2 To provide money transfer facility. ——————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 3 To issue traveller's cheque. ————————————————- To act as referees. ————————————————- 5 To accept various bills for payment e. g phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. ————————————————- 6 To provide merchant banking facility. ————————————————- 7 To provide various cards such as credit cards, debit cards, Smart cards, etc. Andrievskiy Wealth Management  establishes bank accounts for onshore and offshore companies and private individuals with one of the oldest banks in Switzerland, for asset management as well as for purely commercial transfers.Andrievskiy Wealth Management doesn’t charge any commissions for bank account openings. * Time period of an account opening: 7-10 days (available by mail) * Price: free of charge * Getting keys of electronic access to the account (e-banking) * Time period of getting keys: 7 days * Registering management mandate according to your strategy: 1 day * The minimum recommended amount to open a Swiss bank account is 500 000 CHF * Receiving reports: quarterly or on request Opening a Swiss bank account in the Internet age is a very easy thing to do.The main reason for opening a Swiss bank account is for the extreme security and privacy Swiss Banks uphold thanks to Swiss laws that have been in effect for over 75 years. Contrary to popular belief, opening a Swiss bank account does not always mean that you are a tax evader, criminal, or money launderer. Swiss bank accounts can protect one’s money from prying relatives, nasty divorce settlements, lawsuits, and more. Some people just want a Swiss bank account because of the allure and mystery often attached to Swiss bank accounts, but whatever your reasons it is relatively easy to find a bank and open an account.Till the end of the last century, opening a Swiss bank account may have included visiting the bank of your choice in person, paying hundreds of dollars a year in fees, and putting down a few thousand dollars as an initial deposit. As the Internet has allowed online banking to explode, you can now open a bank account at thousands of banks around the world wherever you are. Offshore bank accounts are available to anyone with money that needs a place to be kept, Swiss banks have a lot of competition these days. Sticking to trusted and insured banks is always the way to go.While most banks today have secure online banking and security features in place, a Swiss bank account comes built in with some of the strictest privac y laws in the world. Never wire money or deposit money to any site or bank without first verifying that the bank or site is secure and licensed to do banking. Making sure deposits are insured is also a good idea and be mindful that not all banks may be insured or may have deposit insurance limits. Read reviews and ask questions about the Swiss bank you choose before providing any personal information.Once you’ve found a good Swiss bank and open an account you’ll enjoy financial privacy at a level found only in Switzerland. In 1934, the Swiss passed a law that made it a criminal offense for bankers to reveal the identity of account holders. There are two reasons why this protection was reinforced: Nazi spies: The 1931 crisis led to intensified foreign exchange control in Germany. Hitler promulgated a law whereby any German with foreign capital was to be punished by death, and the Gestapo began espionage on Swiss banks. When three Germans were put to death, the Swiss gov ernment was convinced of the necessity to reinforce bank secrecy.Pressure from the French: The 1932 Basler Handelsbank affair revealed that over 2,000 members of the French elite had accounts in Switzerland. French Leftists took advantage of this to denounce the austerity program of the government. It called for legal authority over French accounts in Switzerland, but to no avail. Unlike American law where law enforcement agencies, the judicial system, and private citizens can gain access to all kinds of financial information, under Swiss law neither the bank’s officers or the its employees are allowed to reveal any information, relative to any account to anyone, including the Swiss government.No private citizen or their legal representative can ever receive any type of information about anyone’s Swiss bank account under any set of conditions. That includes all types of legal proceedings that the Swiss classify as non-criminal behavior. The Swiss consider tax evasion a political offense. Divorce, inheritance disputes and bankruptcy cases are considered private matters, and as such the secrecy of the account is protected from any legal action to verify the presence of, or attempts to seize any assets. There are some notable exceptions.The Swiss are bound by a treaty with the US to reveal accounts connected with organized crime, drug trafficking and insider trading. But the final say on revealing the identity of the account holder is up to the Swiss authorities. 7 myths about Swiss bank accounts Swiss bank accounts are only for millionaires. This is not true. The majority of our clients are not major manufacturers or movie stars, but everyday people (business people, computer engineers, civil servants, etc. ). Swiss banks are no longer only for stars. You can open a Swiss bank account with a deposit of only 5,000 Swiss francs.We even offer accounts with no minimum balance. Money invested in Switzerland yields no interest. Nothing could be more untr ue. You can invest your money worldwide from your account in Switzerland. Swiss bankers are among the best finance managers in the world, so it comes as no surprise that they manage over 35% of offshore holdings. It’s impossible to open an account in Switzerland by correspondence This is not true. Most of the accounts that we offer can be opened by correspondence as long as you comply with our opening procedures and provide us with the necessary documents.What is more, your banking relations can be conducted by correspondence, using the telephone, Internet banking, bank transfer and credit cards. That said, we encourage our customers to meet with their banker at least once in order to get acquainted and see where their money is held. Swiss bank accounts are very expensive to maintain This is not true. Most of the accounts we open don’t charge a cent in annual fees. Even if you would like additional services such as retained correspondence or numbered banking relations, the annual fees are very reasonable.It is difficult to close a Swiss bank account On the contrary. You can close your account in Switzerland whenever you wish and without any restriction. You will pay no financial penalty. If need be, you will just have to realize your investments. Contrary to many onshore banking practices, your money is not held hostage by Swiss banks. Swiss bank accounts attract only criminals and dictators Not true! The vast majority of Swiss bank account holders are honest people who want to keep their savings in a country renowned for its stability.Swiss banks are extremely cautious regarding politicians who wish to open an account and they systematically refuse to accept any money that is of dubious origin or poorly founded. Numbered accounts are anonymous There are no anonymous accounts in Switzerland. A numbered account is an account that is identified solely by a number, rather than a name, in order to preserve the strictest confidentiality possible durin g teller transactions or bank transfers. Only the bank manager and a few select people know the identity of numbered account holders. There exist two different types Swiss bank accounts.The first is accessible to (almost) anyone. Such an account will offer credit and debit cards, checking or whatever else you may want in a bank account. Opening such an account can be done in person–some Swiss banks have branches here in the US–or by mail. Then there are the Swiss bank accounts you’ve heard about from the movies. These are the numbered accounts, the ones with minimum balances anywhere from $100,000 to $1 million. It’s known as private banking and it’s reserved for folks who have a lot of assets to manage and who demand a lot of service.The services you receive at a private bank focus on private counseling in aspects of wealth management including investments, tax concerns, and estate planning. The numbered accounts aren’t anonymous, but only a few people know the name of the account holder and Swiss law forbids them from revealing it to most anyone. They can’t acknowledge that you have an account, give out the name of a numbered account holder or reveal any information about the transactions of any account holder. Generally, numbered accounts must be opened in person, though lawyers and/or brokers can perform this service for you by mail.Your signature and identity have to be authenticated by a notary public or consul, depending on circumstances. If you’ve got the money and want to open such account, here are links to the private banking departments of some well known Swiss banks: Ask Dr. Econ July 2001 What Is the Economic Function of a Bank? Commercial banks play an important role in the financial system and the economy. As a key component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. They provide specialized financial services, which reduce the cost of ob taining information about both savings and borrowing opportunities.These financial services help to make the overall economy more efficient. Imagine a World Without Banks One way to answer your question is to imagine, for a moment, a world without banking institutions, and then to ask yourself a few questions. This is not just an academic exercise; many former eastern-block nations began facing this question when they began to create financial markets and develop market-oriented banks and other financial institutions. If there were no banks†¦ * Where would you go to borrow money? * What would you do with your savings? * Would you be able to borrow (save) as much as you need, when you need t, in a form that would be convenient for you? * What risks might you face as a saver (borrower)? How Banks Work Banks operate by borrowing funds-usually by accepting deposits or by borrowing in the money markets. Banks borrow from individuals, businesses, financial institutions, and governmen ts with surplus funds (savings). They then use those deposits and borrowed funds (liabilities of the bank) to make loans or to purchase securities (assets of the bank). Banks make these loans to businesses, other financial institutions, individuals, and governments (that need the funds for investments or other purposes).Interest rates provide the price signals for borrowers, lenders, and banks. Through the process of taking deposits, making loans, and responding to interest rate signals, the banking system helps channel funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. Savers range from an individual with a $1,000 certificate of deposit to a corporation with millions of dollars in temporary savings. Banks also service a wide array of borrowers, from an individual who takes a loan of $100 on a credit card to a major corporation financing a billion-dollar corporate merger.The table below provides a June 2001 snapshot of the balance sheet for the entire U. S. commercial banking in dustry. It shows that the bulk of banks' sources of funds comes from deposits – checking, savings, money market deposit accounts, and time certificates. The most common uses of these funds are to make real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Individual banks' asset and liability composition may vary widely from the industry figures, because some institutions provide specialized or limited banking services. Banks Are Only One Type of Financial Intermediary Finally, the U.S. financial services industry and financial markets are highly developed. In recent decades, many new products and services have been created, as well as new financial instruments and institutions. Today, in addition to banks, there are several other important types of financial intermediaries. These include savings institutions, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, finance companies, and real estate investment trusts (REITS). Banks' assets have grown in recent decades in a bsolute terms; however, banks have tended to lose market share to even aster growing intermediaries such as pension funds and mutual funds. Still, banks continue to account for a significant share-over 23 percent-of the assets of all financial intermediaries at the end of year 2000, as the chart below shows. The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits from the public and advancing them loans. However, besides these functions there are many other functions which these banks perform. All these functions can be divided under the following heads: 1. Accepting deposits 2. Giving loans 3. Overdraft 4. Discounting of Bills of Exchange . Investment of Funds 6. Agency Functions 7. Miscellaneous Functions 1. Accepting Deposits: The most important function of commercial banks is to accept deposits from the public. Various sections of society, according to their needs and economic condition, deposit their savings with the banks. For example, fixed and low income group people d eposit their savings in small amounts from the points of view of security, income and saving promotion. On the other hand, traders and businessmen deposit their savings in the banks for the convenience of payment.Therefore, keeping the needs and interests of various sections of society, banks formulate various deposit schemes. Generally, there ire three types of deposits which are as follows: (i)  Current Deposits: The depositors of such deposits can withdraw and deposit money whenever they desire. Since banks have to keep the deposited amount of such accounts in cash always, they carry either no interest or very low rate of interest. These deposits are called as Demand Deposits because these can be demanded or withdrawn by the depositors at any time they want.Such deposit accounts are highly useful for traders and big business firms because they have to make payments and accept payments many times in a day. (ii)  Fixed Deposits: These are the deposits which are deposited for a definite period of time. This period is generally not less than one year and, therefore, these are called as long term deposits. These deposits cannot be withdrawn before the expiry of the stipulated time and, therefore, these are also called as time deposits. These deposits generally carry a higher rate of interest because banks can use these deposits for a definite time without having the fear of being withdrawn. iii)  Saving Deposits: In such deposits, money upto a certain limit can be deposited and withdrawn once or twice in a week. On such deposits, the rate of interest is very less. As is evident from the name of such deposits their main objective is to mobilise small savings in the form of deposits. These deposits are generally done by salaried people and the people who have fixed and less income. 2. Giving Loans: The second important function of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers. Banks charge interest from the borrowers and this is the main source of th eir income.Banks advance loans not only on the basis of the deposits of the public rather they also advance loans on the basis of depositing the money in the accounts of borrowers. In other words, they create loans out of deposits and deposits out of loans. This is called as credit creation by commercial banks. Modern banks give mostly secured loans for productive purposes. In other words, at the time of advancing loans, they demand proper security or collateral. Generally, the value of security or collateral is equal to the amount of loan.This is done mainly with a view to recover the loan money by selling the security in the event of non-refund of the loan. At limes, banks give loan on the basis of personal security also. Therefore, such loans are called as unsecured loan. Banks generally give following types of loans and advances: (i)  Cash Credit: In this type of credit scheme, banks advance loans to its customers on the basis of bonds, inventories and other approved securitie s. Under this scheme, banks enter into an agreement with its customers to which money can e withdrawn many times during a year. Under this set up banks open accounts of their customers and deposit the loan money. With this type of loan, credit is created. (iii)  Demand loans: These are such loans that can be recalled on demand by the banks. The entire loan amount is paid in lump sum by crediting it to the loan account of the borrower, and thus entire loan becomes chargeable to interest with immediate effect. (iv)  Short-term loan: These loans may be given as personal loans, loans to finance working capital or as priority sector advances.These are made against some security and entire loan amount is transferred to the loan account of the borrower. 3. Over-Draft: Banks advance loans to its customer’s upto a certain amount through over-drafts, if there are no deposits in the current account. For this banks demand a security from the customers and charge very high rate of int erest. 4. Discounting of Bills of Exchange: This is the most prevalent and important method of advancing loans to the traders for short-term purposes. Under this system, banks advance loans to the traders and business firms by discounting their bills.In this way, businessmen get loans on the basis of their bills of exchange before the time of their maturity. 5. Investment of Funds: The banks invest their surplus funds in three types of securities—Government securities, other approved securities and other securities. Government securities include both, central and state governments, such as treasury bills, national savings certificate etc. Other securities include securities of state associated bodies like electricity boards, housing boards, debentures of Land Development Banks units of UTI, shares of Regional Rural banks etc. 6.Agency Functions: Banks function in the form of agents and representatives of their customers. Customers give their consent for performing such functi ons. The important functions of these types are as follows: (i) Banks collect cheques, drafts, bills of exchange and dividends of the shares for their customers. (ii) Banks make payment for their clients and at times accept the bills of exchange: of their customers for which payment is made at the fixed time. (iii) Banks pay insurance premium of their customers. Besides this, they also deposit loan installments, income-tax, interest etc. s per directions. (iv) Banks purchase and sell securities, shares and debentures on behalf of their customers. (v) Banks arrange to send money from one place to another for the convenience of their customers. 7. Miscellaneous Functions: Besides the functions mentioned above, banks perform many other functions of general utility which are as follows: (i) Banks make arrangement of lockers for the safe custody of valuable assets of their customers such as gold, silver, legal documents etc. (ii) Banks give reference for their customers. iii) Banks colle ct necessary and useful statistics relating to trade and industry. (iv) For facilitating foreign trade, banks undertake to sell and purchase foreign exchange. (v) Banks advise their clients relating to investment decisions as specialist (vi) Bank does the under-writing of shares and debentures also. (vii) Banks issue letters of credit. (viii) During natural calamities, banks are highly useful in mobilizing funds and donations. (ix) Banks provide loans for consumer durables like Car, Air-conditioner, and Fridge etc.

Organisation Behavior Aspect in Fc Bayern Munich Essays

Organisation Behavior Aspect in Fc Bayern Munich Essays Organisation Behavior Aspect in Fc Bayern Munich Essay Organisation Behavior Aspect in Fc Bayern Munich Essay One mall focus of our study by now was thereby the Interrelated links and relations teen Individuals, groups and society. This division can be used in all studies mentioned above and in many aspects of life, as we can divide family life, academically life and Job life into stages of individuals (ourselves), groups (family members/ fellow students/colleagues) and into the broader context of society. Until now, we saw the use of Organizational Behavior mainly In the explanation of the appearances of global companies such as KEA or Amazon. Com, companies started with an Idea to change either services, quality or products to be able to Join a globalizes race for customers. However, these changes have to be unique on the one hand or fulfilled perfectly on the other hand to build up successful companies like Angina Kampala of KEA or Jeff Bozos of Amazon. Com were able to do. The approach of our group with the subject matter of Organizational Behavior will be rather deferent from most of other papers you will receive and this will have following reasons: We chose to focus on the German football club FCC Brayer Munich and apply some of the concepts of organizational Behavior on the new appearance of this club. We think that leading a global company has to some extent similarities to eating an international football club, due to the fact that hierarchical structures (employees, Managers, Coos etc. Are given in both examples. Furthermore, global companies and international sport clubs have employees from different countries, which are an advantage and a challenge at the same time. Last but not least, the emotionally of profit Is Important, as It will lead In the companies example to the possibility to either buy better facilities, machinery or simply boost the value of its shares. The sport club will be able to buy better players, thereby increase its chance s o be more successful or built facilities like stadiums or training grounds. The selection of the team FCC Brayer Munich had special reasons, due to a rather bad performance two seasons ago, a null Investment took place Ana an International top team was established. This development is continuing during this season with the new coach Judger Clansman, a former German National Forward, who is introducing American ideas into the German sport. The paper will be divided as follows: After an introduction to the team FCC Brayer Munich and its staff, we will focus on the reasons for the changes which were decided by the teams executive road and the approach of Organizational Behavior aspects. Background Information about FCC Brayer Munich FCC Brayer Munich is located in the capital of Bavaria, Munich, one of Germanys sixteen federal states. The club won twenty-one national championships and fourteen German Football-Cup Finals, which makes it the most successful football team in national rankings. Next to the National titles, FCC Brayer is one of only four teams, which were able to win all BEEF club competitions (Beef-Cup, Champions League and Super-Cup). With roughly 140. 00 official members, the club is by far the arrest in Germany, only outranked by Benefice Lisbon, Manchester United, Arsenal London and FCC Barcelona worldwide. FCC Brayer Eunuchs football branch spin off 2002 from the other branches into the FCC Brayer Munich GAG and started its imposition from then onwards. The Football branch is divided into two teams, whereby we will focus on the main team, playing in Germanys first division, the so-called Bundestag and ignore the amateur-team with players below the age of 21 . The main team has twenty-one players, except of five all national players of their respective countries. Especially mentionable will be Luck Toni (Italian National), Franca Robbery (French National), Lucia (Brasilia National) and Lukas Paddocks, Bastion Eccentricities and Memorials Close (German Nationals). The whole team has a value of 254 MIM. Euros (roughly 381 billion Korean Won), which makes it the 9th most expensive team attending the I-Jeff Champions League 2008. Next to the value of the team, FCC Brayer has running costs, similar to normal companies, namely employees wages (although the wages of roughly 6 MIM. Euros for players like Close or Toni may be unlikely in the Job market for common employees) and among there, costs for the Lillian-Arena, the teams stadium, built for the FIFE World Championship 2006 in Germany. Fig. 1 FCC Brayer Eunuchs team for the season 2008/09 Fig 2. Lillian-Arena Nevertheless, FCC Brayer has a total assets amount of balance sheets according to 243,5 MIM. Euros, of which 29 MIM. Euros were profit before tax. Having introduced you to the team, its facilities and financial situation, we will focus in our second part on organizational Venerable approaches In professional football team. B Approaches in Sports ten amelioration AT a We want to start the second part with an explanation of the reasons for choosing our epic. Taking the relation between B and Management into account, we want to understand the reasons for developments in the above mentioned football club. A question we want to answer is thereby how the management used concepts and techniques to improve, e nhance or change employees behaviors. The changes are supposed to lead to a more effective work of the employees and could finally lead to benefits of single players (more wage, becoming national players etc. And the benefit of the whole organization by winning competitions and earning more profit due to enhanced success. As the season has started only three weeks ago, we will not be able to say to which extent the changes are successful or not. However, one focus will lay on the role of the management and its functions, namely the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organizations human, financial, material and other resources to increase its effectiveness (Do-Young Kim, Lecture At the beginning of our research stood the question if we can see the Notes). Am FCC Brayer Munich as an organization. Taking the following quote, namely that an organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve individual and organizational goals into account, we can say that also a sports team can be seen to an extent as organization. We would like to base this statement with following example: On the one hand, each player in the team has individual goals, so they try to achieve something for themselves, which can be either playing regularly, scoring goals, being so good that he is invited to his national team etc. On the other hand, the whole organization tries to accomplish goals; some of them could be winning championships, buying new players etc. According to these characteristics, we agreed as a group that a team is an organization. The question we asked our ourselves afterwards was to which extent we could analyze the role of the Management in Organizational Behavioral aspects and thereby see which efforts the clubs management made to achieve everyones goals. Due to this point we had a closer look at the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling aspects of the club. The four functions of the management will thereby be explained from the beginning of the season. The planning aspect, where the decision of organizational goals takes place, was actually finished during the end of last season, when the management decided to offer Judger Clansman a Job as head coach. This was a break with former ideas as Clansman is an inexperienced, young coach, but has some new inputs to the sport due to influences from the USA. The Organizing stage was fulfilled with Clansman himself, when the executive board and the head coach bought some new players and employed an American coach to support Clansman. The new coaches then implemented the new players into the team and established their own rules and explained them to the team (among others, the players have to stay the whole day on ten clangorous Ana are not allowed to go none Tort lunch I Nils calicles was mace to form a team by simply letting the players also spend their free time together). Fig 3. The new coaches (Clansman and Vazquez centered) with their new players The next point in the functions of management is the leading aspect, where the leading and coordination of groups and individuals towards the organizations goals took place. This happened not only in FCC Brayer Munich, but happens in all football teams during the summer break, when new players or coaches are implemented and the goals for the upcoming season are determined. The last point, the controlling aspect however, can only be fulfilled after the season, when the season can be evaluated and actions can be undertaken regarding the improvement of performance. This improvement may be buying new players or in the worst case for the coach the firing of the old and hiring of a new coach. We furthermore emphasized the Managerial Skills, which can be divided into three steps. Nevertheless, the implementation of this concept on a football team might not be as clear as in an organization or company, where managers in different positions are giving specific input into the daily routine. We therefore introduced the Managerial Skills aspect on the Skills of the teams players. FCC Brayer Munich has therefore respectively players with technical skills, which is the lowest level. It includes specific football knowledge and techniques (shooting, passing, running etc. ), however also the lowest level is rather high, as the observed team is one of the best in Europe. In the next level we are observing leading players, with the ability to work with, understand, lead and control the behavior of other people and groups. We thereby want to mention players in the team, which have the mentioned qualities ND are able to lead own players in the team and understand the way of playing of different players (the German National players Eccentricities, Poodles and Alma for example). The last and most important skills for managers and players are the conceptual skills, which are the abilities to analyze and diagnose a situation and to distinguish cause and effect. Transfer this aspect from managers to professional football players, we are looking for players which have the ability to read the game and the opponents way of playing. With this ability, those few players can change their own teams tactics and thereby distinguish the cause for heir own weak play already during the game. Such ability have only some players, as it is the hardest to achieve and the way to get it is a mix of talent and experience on equal terms. Only three players in the team of FCC Brayer Munich may have conceptual skills, namely Lucia (captain of Brasilia National Team), Franca Robbery (French National player) and Luck Toni (Italian National player and World Champion 2006 with Italy). Having talked about the functions of management and players in FCC Brayer Munich, we are now going to cover the part of Challenges in Organizational Behavior, whereby our focus will lie on changing cultural environment and challenges of diversity. Lacking ten generalness AT ten canalling cultural environment Into account, one NAS to say that since the late sasss a break in professional football teams all over the world occurred. Due to the possibility to earn more money on the one hand and play against the best players in European club competitions, more and more players from non-European countries, especially South America, Joined European teams. In our example, FCC Brayer Munich has at its disposal in the season 2008/2009 fourteen reign players from eight different countries and only seven German players. These developments have undeniable advantages, as teams are now able to hire good foreign players, but there are also risks in this process. Players from different backgrounds might probably not be able to cope with the host countries culture, as a player from Korea for example with his cultural background, based on interdependence, group homogeneity and the sacrifice of the Individual over group, might face serious problems to integrate himself in a German team, where the culture is characterized by independence and privacy. Among others, Korean star layer Jung-Wan Ann. was not able to deal with the cultural differences during his time for German team MS Disturb and left the team after half a season. Fig 4. Jung-When Ann. in Disburse Jersey before he left the team for Swoon Blue Wings To prevent a situation where talented players fail only because of cultural differences, FCC Brayer Munich did not save any expenses to reduce cultural differences to a minimum. Among other changes, players have to spend, as already mentioned, their free time during the day together. Thereby any loneliness of foreign players can be prevented. Furthermore, as the team has Muslim, Buddhist and Christian players, the managers decided to establish praying rooms for each religious groups, where each player can pray and have a break. One aspect of cultural differences can be food. This aspect was nevertheless solved some time ago in professional football teams throughout Germany, as especially professional players need a specific diet with carbohydrates and vitamins. As the German food is rather heavy and contains lots of unhealthy fat, FCC Brayer Munich employed a French Chief, which is not only cooking for the players during the week, but is also Joining the team for games during the weekend. Thereby the managers an guarantee a healthy diet and minimize the risk of food poisoning etc. The food example makes quite clear, that during the change of social and cultural environment, also some aspects of ones own culture must be abolished and aspects of other cultures must be overtaken, when those are more in line with the organizations goals (e. G. Abolishing German food and taking French and Italian food, as it is more healthy). The last aspect we are focusing on is the aspect of Diversity Challenges. Taking the aspect of Fairness and Justice into account, namely equal employment opportunities, whereby educational and national aground should play no significant role, we can see that these aspects are given in FCC Brayer Munich during the actual season even more than ever before. Although Tort many years Torrent players are playing Tort ten team, never Detour a Torrent player was allowed to be the teams captain, as it was some kind of unwritten rule, that only a German may be the captain of Germanys most successful football team. Only new coach Clansman was finally ready to change that fact, by giving the player the role of captain, who might be the best person for the Job due to his qualities and characteristics and not because of his nationality. So, for the first time in the teams history, a non-German, namely Dutch National Player Mark van Boomed became captain of the team, bringing the fairness and Justice level within the team to a complete new level. Talking about the challenges, the question arise if organizations can benefit from different attitudes and perspectives of people with diverse backgrounds? In the world of sports this question can be answered with a yes. Although challenges are given (different cultures etc. ), the overall new achievement of a pool of new ideas and creativity is overwhelming. This becomes clear by looking to only at FCC Brayer Eunuchs best players, which are foreigners, but taking the World Cup 2002 in Korea and Japan into account. At this event the Korean National team has achieved a 4th place with their Dutch coach Gus Hidden, who mixed European discipline with Asian technique, leading to the best result of an Asian team in FIFE World Cups until now. Conclusion Summarizing our argumentation, we agreed on the fact that a sports team can also be seen due to some characteristics as an organization. As this precondition was given, the question was to which extent a division of management would be able in a ports team, where usually a rather low hierarchical structure exists. Nevertheless, the four functions of management can also be implemented to different stages during the season of a team and managerial skills. Although not assigned to managers, players performance could be explained with managerial skills. In the last part we talked about challenges for organizational behavior and mentioned the fact that, although challenges are given, facing those and employing foreigners for a team in any position (coaches, players etc. ) can lead to an improvement of a teams performance.

Concert essays

Concert essays The whole time the audience was quiet and just sat, watched and listened. There was one person behind me that kept tapping to the beat of the music, but stopped after a while. That was very distracting because I would hear the tapping right in my ear and couldn't concentrate on the orchestra. The concert consisted of music by Hadyn, Tschaikovsky and Mozart. The orchestra played Hadyn's symphony no. 94 and scenes from the Nutcracker. Along with Mozart's Toy Symphony. Basically the concert was focused on holiday music and at the end they had a sing-along for the whole audience to join in. The orchestra consisted of mainly the string family, like violins, cello, viola. Also the woodwind family, which was flutes and clarinet. They also played with the drums, cymbals, tamborine and triangle. The music was very peaceful and relaxing. It was played soft, but at times would get louder. All the instrumentalists were nsync and altogether. There was not one note off that I could realize. It looked like they all enjoyed being up there and playing for the audience. There was one man I was watching who seemed to have a hard job. He was playing the tamborine and triangle. In every song he had to make sure he played at the exact time he was supposed to, otherwise the whole song would be ruined. That was impressive because it takes a lot of practice and listening skills to play it right on time. I enjoyed going to this concert because it was sort of uplifting. I just blanked everything out of my head and just concentrated on the peaceful music playing. The best part was when they played parts of the Nutcracker. Those songs are some of my favorite and to just hear them live was an experience. The Nutcracker songs make me want to hear more and I never want them to end. When I first heard I had to go to a classical concert I thought to myself how boring. But after experiencing it I really enjoyed it and would definitely attend another one. ...

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Federal Express - Case Study Example This essay examines potential problems that led to the delay of the cargos belonging to desktop innovation by federal express transporters using the SWOT analysis (McDougall & Dorken, 145). A Background Description and Problem Statement in the Case Study Federal express is a business identified with transportation of commodities. The company has branches in major cities where it operates its activities. It has reputable customer service relations, and this is evident in its delivery of commodities. They issued clients with a delivery guarantee in the case of failure to delivery the prearranged cargos. Desktop Publishing Company deals with the organization and provisions of services and products individuals use in conducting trade shows and exhibitions. Desktop Publishing Company experienced problems with Federal express transporters in shipping two of its packages to a customer who was conducting a trade show in Simpson, South Carolina. The shipment to the customer leading to bad com pany reputation for desktop innovation was delayed. Situation psychoanalysis Using SWOT Applications of the Case Study SWOT analysis refers to the ‘strength’, ‘weaknesses’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘strength’ present within a company. ... It tarnished the company’s name because Federal express, which acted as, a company’s client was disappointed in the reaction they received from the staff of the company. Secondly, the opportunities of federal express serve as strength in the daily activity it conducts. It notifies clients when the delivery schedule is changed or delayed. This prevents future disagreement that may with the clients. Lastly, the promotional strategy that federal express uses is a weakness because it discourages rather instead of motivating clients. Desktop innovation was greatly disappointed in the basket of chocolates sent to them from the company to act as compensation (McDougall & Dorken, 147). Evaluation of the Case Study The findings of the case study revealed the diverse challenges faced by organizations in the running of daily activities. The delay in the shipment of products noticed in Federal express agency reveals a decline or change of activities within the company. The change c ould have originated from various causes like mechanical fault in the means that were used in shipping voyages. Secondly, improper time schedule could have resulted to the delay, since they were not being shipped within the agreed period. The compensation mechanism used by federal express requires to be reviewed. Clients in any environment always value quality for their product, and expect to be properly compensated when the quality they negotiated is not to their standards. Alternatives Useful In the Case Study Federal express can initiate different approaches in its operations to satisfy clients. The quantity of cargoes the company ships should be reduced to avoid the setbacks caused by overcrowding witnessed in the company. Secondly, the company should apply new expertise in the firm

Project risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Project risk - Essay Example nd, this method engages defining a variety of threats, devising countermeasures should an attack take place, measuring the degree of vulnerabilities (TechTarget, 2009). 19 At the present the corporations are coping with reduced cycle time. Here, the critical delay is between the idea and implementation. Thus, corporations need to continually adjust corporate operations to meet up new marketplace conditions. In addition, successfully handling and managing new information as well as establishing it all through the business is critical to handling and managing these challenges. However, constant, business-wide knowledge sharing has, consequently, turned out to be essential. In addition, businesses implement solutions to tackle and share knowledge. The mainly widespread preliminary application has been in the area of learning and training. Unluckily, customary classroom training programs are excessively time-consuming and expensive to facilitate businesses to deal out mission-critical information rapidly as well as efficiently (OneTouch, 2009). Efstathiades, Tassou, Antoniou, & Oxinos (1998) stated that businesses whose survival relies on maintaining new, modern, well-informed business information require a flexible knowledge sharing. Thus, the business-wide learning is immediately one advantage of a comprehensive business knowledge sharing. In case of new technology establishment at the business enterprise there is need to assess a lot of factors and issues regarding the corporate management and technology implementation. Since, modern and up-to-date tools and techniques are offering huge business advantages, however in some cases the development of the information system was not a successful experience. Therefore, by means of risk assessment we could be able to manage and handle business new technology system implementation successfully (Efstathiades et al., 1998). This report presents a detailed analysis of the new business technology systems establishment at